Voip Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voip - Research Proposal Example It is used for call initiation, call teardown and other call related data sent during a VoIP conversation. SIP is a text based application level protocol. It depends majorly on other protocols such as IP and UDP for transport. VoIP implementations with SIP mostly use a SIP proxy server to which the login credentials of users are authenticated. The proxy server also routes call and signaling data. Clients can establish a communication link between each and forward SIP messages via the proxy. Communications using SIP are also used for changing call parameters or other features such as integrating more callers into a conference session. SIP registrars are used as additional servers to locate other users. VoIP technology is likely to be misused by criminals as it often does not require verification of any details to start using the service. The security of making such calls may also attract criminals, as many implementations use strong encryption to secure both the voice payload and control messages. Skype uses 256 bit AES encryption while Google Talk does not encrypt its payload (but will support encryption in the future). As an example, an organized crime ring may decide to use Skype software that allows ring members to communicate anonymously. Criminals could use laptops running Skype, create profiles like a regular user and communicate when necessary.

Citic Tower Essay Example for Free

Citic Tower Essay Stakes in firms such as Cathay Pacific, Dragonair and a string of trading and property companies * Citic Tower (Original) Property development team had gained extensive expertise and knowledge in the property business * Development began in 1995 and completed in less than two years * Despite post-Asian financial crisis, Citic Tower maintained a relatively high occupancy rate Concerns * The discounted cash flow analysis shows a negative net present value Commercial real estate market is extremely cyclical * No guarantee that Citic Tower II would be able to survive the economic downturn (perform as well as Citic Tower I has performed) Situation Larry Yung is interested in this property but hesitant due to uncertainty of future economic conditions * Member of the property development team suggested that CPL acquire rights to the land, and thus the development by offering to purchase an exclusive option from the seller * In the past land owners would not even have considered negotiating an option to purchase development sites but property developers are much more cautious after the Asian financial crisis Calculated by finding the standard deviation of return on assets proportional to time * Net option value=51 million Decision * CPL should (NOT? ) purchase the option *it seems like the price of the option is 77 million (5% equity stake) and if the option value is only 51 million then it seems like a bad idea for them to purchase the option†¦so I’m confused a little about this part still†¦maybe you guys could talk to him about this or figure it out

Iconoclasm and Iconophilia in Othello :: Othello Essays

Iconnoclasm and Iconophilia in Othello In his book War Against the Idols, Carlos Eire argues that iconoclastic resistance to the Medieval Catholic Church began with the gentle scolding of Erasmus and ended as the "shibboleth" of radical Calvinism.1 The use of images in religious instruction and practice was one of the major points of dispute between Protestant reformers and Catholic counter-reformers. Iconoclasm was certainly not confined to radical Calvinism; Anglican reformers, especially those who had spent time in continental Europe as exiles (like John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury), quickly raised the issue in their country, which had its own unique history of religious reform. The discussions of image and idolatry in Calvin and Jewel represent particular theories of the image that derive from but also revise ancient Platonic theories of the image. Reformation iconoclasm brings up issues of ontology (who or what is God?), epistemology (by what means are we to know him? can he be represented to human senses?), and ethics (how does knowledge of God translate into moral action?). Protestant iconoclasts tend to emphasize the epistemological worth (or rather, worthlessness) of religious imagery, while the Catholic iconophiles emphasize the positive moral effects to be derived from the use of images in religious instruction. Although sparked in the 1520's and 30's, the debate between iconoclasts and iconophiles raged throughout the latter sixteenth century, well into Shakespeare's time. The iconoclastic writings of Zwingli and Calvin had a powerful legacy throughout Europe. Calvin's collected Institutes of the Christian Religion was published in 1559. Perhaps spurred by theological arguments like Calvin's, violent stripping of church imagery and other popular agitation over idolatry took place in Switzerland and elsewhere on the continent. In England, John Jewel's dialogues with Dr. Harding on the subject of imagery, drawing very much on Calvin's arguments, were published in 1565 and again in 1611. During the English Reformation, the churches and monasteries of England were also stripped of their images by some Protestant objectors. It is clear that iconoclasm was an issue not only for elite churchmen--it also captured the hearts and minds of the general population, who were the audience of Shakes peare's theater. The problem of the image is traced, by many Protestant theologians, to several major scriptural conflicts. The first important reference is God's pronouncement in Genesis: "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness" (Gen.

Myth and the World of C.S. Lewis Essay

C.S. Lewis and his series The Chronicles of Narnia have long been children’s favorites. The books envelop children into a world of good and evil, action and adventure, chivalry and honor. Lewis takes his readers on an astonishing trip that embodies his own values, dreams and beliefs. Fascinated by other myths, Lewis borrows a variety of creatures from different places, constructing an entire world that children delve into and love. From the Greek and Roman myths he takes creatures such as fauns, nymphs, and dryads, and from the Norse mythology, dwarfs and giants. His first book, The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, was written soon after World War II, in 1950. He went on to write six more stories in the Chronicles of Narnia series. Many scholars have thoroughly studied Lewis’s books and great controversy has erupted from different interpretations of the symbolic meanings in his books. A devout Christian in the latter part of his life, Lewis draws parallels between the world of Narnia and the Bible. By illustrating the creation of Narnia in his first book, and establishing the laws of Narnia in a subsequent novel, C.S. Lewis creates a compelling myth around the fantasy world of Narnia. The Chronicles of Narnia begin with The Magician’s Nephew, an ingenious story of a curious young boy and his friend as they stumble upon the creation of another world, Narnia. This novel serves the purpose of the cosmological function of a myth, in which â€Å"myths describe the â€Å"shape† of the cosmos, the universe, our total world.† In The Magician’s Nephew, we first encounter the godlike lion, Aslan. The creator of Narnia, he also bestows life onto the creatures in it, booming, â€Å"Narnia, Narnia, Narnia, awake. Love. Think. Speak. Be walking trees. Be talking beasts. Be divine waters† (116). The majestic lion continues to say, â€Å"Creatures, I give you yourselves. I give to you forever this land of Narnia. I give you the woods, the fruits, the rivers. I give you the stars and I give you myself† (118). As God did in the book of Genesis, Aslan crafts the world, breathes life into â€Å"Adam† and bestows the world on him. However, in The Magician’s Nephew, there is no â€Å"Adam†. Aslan gives his world to his newly created talking beasts, a creation story with a new twist. Myths not only reveal the story of creation but also the laws by which the new society exists. In the sociological function, â€Å"myths pass down ‘the law’, the moral and ethical codes for people of that culture to follow, which help define that culture and its prevailing social structure.† The laws of Narnia become apparent in Lewis’s second book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In this book we learn more about the fundamental nature of Narnia, its customs and traditions. The White Witch enlightens the reader about one of Narnia’s ancient laws after capturing Edmund, one of the four central characters. She claims that Edmund’s life is hers to take: â€Å"You at least know the Magic which the Emperor put into Narnia at the very beginning. You know that every traitor belongs to me as my lawful prey and that for every treachery I have a right to kill† (128). This law has been in Narnia since the beginning of Narnia’s creation, cannot be broken and is essential to the balance between good and evil. Lewis also embeds the codes of chivalry into his novels; honor is to be won on the battlefield, and this code of honor is violated at your own peril. The codes of honor hark back to the chivalry of medieval knights and are fundamental to the culture and traditions of Narnia. The Narnia Chronicles incorporate the elements of a classic myth – the concept of creation and a set of laws to which the society should adhere. The books set out for children black and white images of good and evil, right and wrong. The values of honesty, courage, loyalty, friendship and strength of family are clearly stated. The impact of The Chronicles lies in its ability to develop an alternative, fantasy world with its strong ethics and moral code and thus influences both the readers and scores of writers who have followed in C.S. Lewis’ footsteps. The Narnia books are, and always will be timeless classics of fantasy and wonder.

Critique on Article “The Ends of Happiness” Essay

Dr Karl Giberson is a professor at Eastern Nazarene College with a PHD in Physics from Rice University. A man approaching his fifties at the writing of this article, Giberson’s solution to his mid-life crisis was to write an article â€Å"The Ends of Happiness†. His article was well written and he tries to impart his experiences with happiness to young adults. In the article, Giberson claims that happiness should be the end result of our efforts and he provides a compelling argument why we should not get caught up in our pursuit of happiness through materialistic gains. However, his arguments to back his thesis are inadequate due to an inherent contradiction in his supporting point and one unproven assumption in his article. Giberson (2006) uses the Candy Experiment with children to prove his point that our ability to withhold satisfaction leads to a â€Å"life time of happiness† (para. 5). He further explains that â€Å"unpleasant means can yield satisfying ends† (2006). This implies that our happiness will increase if we are able to set aside the things that make us happy, and work towards our goal. However, in his later argument, the author seems to imply that the happiest moments in his life, were times when he did not work towards materialistic gains. For instance, he claims he â€Å"lived well†, when he â€Å"left work early† and spent his time with his family (Giberson, 2006, para.12, 13 & 14). This illustrates his point that the most memorable moments in life comes from relationships as opposed to material gains (Giberson, 2006). While the latter argument supports his thesis, the former contradicts it by implying that happiness is something to be achieved through materialistic gains. This is shown in Giberson’s example about a student graduating with â€Å"greater earning power† (2006) and how this ability â€Å"is the formula for a lifetime of happiness† (Giberson, 2006, para. 5). Furthermore, Giberson’s argument seems to be contingent on one major assumption. That happiness gained from acquiring things, is less meaningful than happiness gained from spending time with family and friends. To illustrate his point, he cites evidence from his own memories. He states that memories gained from family time are clearer than the memories of â€Å"buying his first car† and â€Å"cashing his first paycheck† (Giberson, 2006, para.14). Giberson then applies this line of reasoning to back his thesis by showing us how happiness from material gains alone reduces our overall happiness as our social interactions decrease (Giberson, 2006). However, such opinionated evidence provides weak support to his thesis and even though he did not plan on writing a scientific article, using personal memories to validate such a major assumption weakens his argument substantially. In conclusion, Giberson has indeed written a well-structured editorial with many coherent and interesting points. However, contradicting arguments and one unsupported assumption in the article has undermined his thesis and weakened his argument. Giberson’s thesis would have fared much better had he quoted from valid sources instead of his own personal experiences. Reference Giberson, K. (2006, Mar. – Apr.). The Ends Of Happiness. Science & Spirit, 17, 6-7.

Free Essays on Community Policing

Within the inner cities and places known to certain people as â€Å"the hood,†there has always been an area of dislike when it came to law enforcement officials. The people that I grew up with and around have always had a certain level of intolerance when it came to the cop vehicles that rode the streets at night, and the officers that were seen during the day. It never mattered how much crime took place within those areas, because the trust for police officers was smaller than the trust held by the criminals within that area. My parents have often held a certain dislike for law enforcement, seeing them as a necessity for certain situations, but the overall reaction towards them has continued to be the same. Cops are simply not trusted within black neighborhoods. This topic brings about a host of questions. Why is that? What can be done? How can this lack of trust be changed, if it can be at all? And this leads me to my subject matter. Within the course of our class, we have talked about a multiple of things that had to do with management within the Criminal Justice field. We have covered everything from courts, to lawyers, to management of prisons and jails. We have looked at how things are run at local, state and federal levels and the topics that most interested me were the ones on community relations and programs. Because I do have family members, friends, and peers alike, who hold law enforcement agents in such low regard, I decided focus my paper on policing black neighborhoods and how to establish a working relationship with those within that community. Since we were to focus on something that management would be a part of I felt that this was something that needed to be researched. Looking back on the history of how things have been in some neighborhoods, it’s not difficult to understand why certain people have distrust for the system at large. Since the beginning of the whole civil rights struggle in the 60’s there has... Free Essays on Community Policing Free Essays on Community Policing The movement toward community policing has gained a lot of strength in recent years. Police and community leaders search for more effective ways to increase the extent of awareness of public safety and the quality of life in their communities. We have accepted community policing in one police department after another, and agree community policing provides hope for the future of law enforcement. We can trace community policing back to Sir Robert Peel, the father of the modern police system, who said, "the police is the public and the public are the police"(Braiden). Community policing is the philosophy of policing supported by a number of principles to find the combination of agreement and accord where people live and work. It is this philosophy that attempts to refocus the essence of policing to a â€Å"Law Enforcement philosophy that tries to do two things: first bring police officers and citizens together in neighborhoods and second give the police responsibility for solving pro blems in the community† (Wilson). Community policing involves three elements; community partnership, problem solving and police culture. This pursuit can take many forms such as preventing and reducing crime and the fear of crime. Community policing encourages residents as well as police officers to get involved in the task of making the community safer. By making this effort the community has a greater chance to resist crime, reduce fear and attain a peaceful and secure place to live together. The first element of community policing is community partnership. Police must form partnerships with the residents, the private sector and government officials. Community partnership means adopting a police perspective that is above the normal emphasis on law enforcement. This may include individuals as well as organizations or agencies that share a common goal; shares responsibility, resources, rewards and risks and includes citizens of the local community and re... Free Essays on Community Policing Within the inner cities and places known to certain people as â€Å"the hood,†there has always been an area of dislike when it came to law enforcement officials. The people that I grew up with and around have always had a certain level of intolerance when it came to the cop vehicles that rode the streets at night, and the officers that were seen during the day. It never mattered how much crime took place within those areas, because the trust for police officers was smaller than the trust held by the criminals within that area. My parents have often held a certain dislike for law enforcement, seeing them as a necessity for certain situations, but the overall reaction towards them has continued to be the same. Cops are simply not trusted within black neighborhoods. This topic brings about a host of questions. Why is that? What can be done? How can this lack of trust be changed, if it can be at all? And this leads me to my subject matter. Within the course of our class, we have talked about a multiple of things that had to do with management within the Criminal Justice field. We have covered everything from courts, to lawyers, to management of prisons and jails. We have looked at how things are run at local, state and federal levels and the topics that most interested me were the ones on community relations and programs. Because I do have family members, friends, and peers alike, who hold law enforcement agents in such low regard, I decided focus my paper on policing black neighborhoods and how to establish a working relationship with those within that community. Since we were to focus on something that management would be a part of I felt that this was something that needed to be researched. Looking back on the history of how things have been in some neighborhoods, it’s not difficult to understand why certain people have distrust for the system at large. Since the beginning of the whole civil rights struggle in the 60’s there has...

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. However, true paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, cotton or flax. First There Was Papyrus Papyrus is made from the sliced sections of the flower stem of the papyrus plant, pressed together and dried, and then used from writing or drawing. Papyrus appeared in Egypt around 2400 B.C. Then There Was Paper A courtier named Tsai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the first recorded inventor of paper circa 105 A.D. Tsai-Lun presented paper and a papermaking process to the Chinese Emperor and that was noted in the imperial court records. There may have been papermaking in China earlier than the above date, but inventor Tsai-Lun did much for the spread of papermaking technology in China. Chinese Papermaking The ancient Chinese first made paper in the following fashion. Plant fibers such as hemp were soaked and beaten into a sludgeThe sludge was strained through a cloth sieve attached to a frame that also served as a drying platform for the resulting paper Newsprint Charles Fenerty of Halifax made the first paper from wood pulp (newsprint) in 1838. Charles Fenerty was helping a local paper mill maintain an adequate supply of rags to make paper when he succeeded in making paper from wood pulp. He neglected to patent his invention and others did patent papermaking processes based on wood fiber. Corrugated Papermaking - Cardboard In 1856, Englishmen, Healey and Allen, received a patent for the first corrugated or pleated paper. The paper was used to line mens tall hats. American, Robert Gair promptly invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1870. These were pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that opened up and folded into boxes. On December 20, 1871, Albert Jones of New York NY, patented a stronger corrugated paper (cardboard) used as a shipping material for bottles and glass lanterns. In 1874, G. Smyth built the first single sided corrugated board making machine. Also in 1874, Oliver Long improved upon the Jones patent and invented a lined corrugated cardboard. Paper Bags The first recorded historical reference to grocery paper bags was made in 1630. The use of paper sacks only really started to take off during the Industrial Revolution: between 1700 and 1800. Margaret Knight (1838-1914) was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part to make square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870. On February 20, 1872, Luther Crowell also patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. Paper Plates Paper foodservice disposables products were first made at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper plate was the first single-use foodservice product invented in 1904. Dixie Cups Hugh Moore was an inventor who owned a paper cup factory, located next door to the Dixie Doll Company. The word Dixie was printed on the doll companys front door. Moore saw the word every day, which reminded him of dixies, the ten-dollar bank notes from a New Orleans bank that had the French word dix printed on the face of the bill. The bank had a great reputation in the early 1800s. Moore decided that dixies was a great name. After getting permission from his neighbor to use the name, he renamed his paper cups Dixie Cups. It should be mentioned that Moores paper cups first invented in 1908 were originally called health cups and replaced the single repeat-use metal cup that had been used with water fountains.

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular “They”

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular â€Å"They† God and Grammar This week I am spending Passover with my family.   Perhaps inspired by the season, I picked up the newsletter that comes from Kolot Chayeinu (â€Å"Voices of Our Lives), the synagogue I used to attend in Brooklyn, New York. I read it cover to cover for the first time in months. It won’t surprise you that a grammatical issue leapt up at me from the pages of the newsletter.   Kathryn Conroy of Kolot Chayeinu writes about the open nature of this progressive congregation: â€Å"The person who prays because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to them who does not believe in God at all.† The Singular â€Å"They† Did you spot the issue in Kathryn’s sentence?   It has become common for writers to refer to a single person, who could be of either gender, as a â€Å"they.† This â€Å"singular they† construction is grammatically problematic.   Clearly one person does not qualify as a â€Å"they,† â€Å"their† or â€Å"them† (all of which were used in Kathryn’s prose).   Yet we refer, perhaps lazily, or even sloppily, to singles as multiples – because it would be challenging or awkward to be grammatically rigorous. My uncle once created a neutral pronoun for just this situation:   fub.   It didn’t catch on. So at least for now, we’re still stuck with a lack of a non-gendered singular personal pronoun in the English language. Given the current state of affairs and my discomfort with the use of the singular â€Å"they,† I’ve decided to take on the challenge of improving upon the sentence from Kolot Chayeinu’s newsletter.   How would I write this sentence to avoid grammatical detention? Rewriting the Sentence One possibility is: â€Å"The person who prays because he or she believes that God will personally make a difference in his or her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to him or her who does not believe in God at all.† Hmmm†¦Ã‚   not so great. Stilted, right? This is exactly the type of sentence Ms. Conroy was avoiding. Next option:   Gender the language.   Here’s what it looks like: â€Å"The woman who prays because she believes that God will personally make a difference in her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the man standing next to her who does not believe in God at all.† I was surprised to discover that this sentence is much more powerful than the original – poignant even in addition to being grammatically sound.   An image is conjured of an actual woman and man standing next to each other praying, rather than of some vague or possible scenario. Third option:   Make it Plural â€Å"Congregation members who pray because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily lives are not the least bit threatened by those standing next to them who do not believe in God at all.† This sentence is grammatically correct, though in my opinion it doesnt pack the punch of the gendered option. The Essay Expert is a Traditionalist My vote for Kathryn’s sentence is to use a gendered version. And I prefer even the somewhat stilted language of the rigorously neutral option to the grammatically incorrect original. However, I am a traditionalist. The grammar books don’t necessarily agree with me. Not every situation lends itself to gendered language as well as does Kathryn’s sentence. Sometimes our choice is between the â€Å"singular they† and a stilted â€Å"he/she† in order to avoid politically incorrect gendered language.   And sometimes making the subject plural does the trick quite gracefully. My practice in these situations is to pluralized the subject or to use â€Å"he or she† rather than â€Å"they.† Or, if there are repeated references to a non-gendered â€Å"person† or â€Å"someone† in a piece of prose, I might alternate between the masculine and feminine pronouns.   When in doubt, I err on the side of feminine pronouns. After all, there are hundreds of years of usage of the traditional â€Å"he† to balance things out. Wikipedia Speaks Here’s what Wikipedia reports on the acceptability of the singular â€Å"they†: There has been considerable debate as to the acceptability of singular they. Regarding usage, The Chicago Manual of Style notes: On the one hand, it is unacceptable to a great many reasonable readers to use the generic masculine pronoun (he) in reference to no one in particular. On the other hand, it is unacceptable to a great many readers either to resort to nontraditional gimmicks to avoid the generic masculine (by using he/she or s/he, for example) or to use they as a kind of singular pronoun. Either way, credibility is lost with some readers. With the 14th edition (1993), the Manual briefly revised its neutral stance to actually recommend singular use of they and their, noting a revival of this usage and citing its venerable use by such writers as Addison, Austen, Chesterfield, Fielding, Ruskin, Scott, and Shakespeare. However, regret regarding that printing is expressed at its website; and with the current 15th edition (2003), it has returned to its original neutral position. The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible utilizes singular they instead of he or he or she, refelecting [sic] changes in English usage. The translators commissioned a study of modern English usage and determined that singular they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever,anyone,somebody,a person,no one, and the like. Your Turn What’s your opinion about how to handle the â€Å"singular they†?   Do you have any sample sentences to send me as a challenge?   Do you see any other ways to write Kathryn’s sentence?   And wouldn’t you love to be part of a community where the openness Kathryn describes is a reality? Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinApril 18, 2011 14 Comments Nancy Anderson says: April 19, 2011 at 8:04 am Happy Passover Brenda, I have always stumbled with the singular they and have used the he/she instead. It would make it so much easier to use Kathryns version as it would save all the rewrite time. I like how you are going to use feminine pronouns because he has been used for so many years. I think I will do the same. Its about time! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 19, 2011 at 8:47 am Happy Passover to you too Nancy! What I really am getting from this conversation is that there is no true right or wrong way to do it. We can choose the way that works best for the situation! I always like it when this happens. Log in to Reply Kristin Johnson says: April 19, 2011 at 10:00 am Happy Passover! Thank you for tackling this irksome subject! Ive grown up believing the singular they was just wrong. Back in high school, which was awhile ago, I was taught to use one in these situations, but evidently this in now passe. I miss it! It was such a convenient solution to the dilemma. Can we create a movement for its comeback? Hope I see you around town when you get back! -Kristin Log in to Reply Linda says: April 20, 2011 at 4:48 pm Happy Passover Brenda! Great post! I, too, am often troubled when I see they used for one person. My resolution has been to insert s/he or refer to him/her as you have done in a sense. Or to rewrite a sentence to make they and them fit better. I like the way you address this topic. Another grammatical issue I was taught when in school was the use of there when starting a sentence. My professor hated it and adamantly taught us to rewrite a sentence to prevent such construction. Since college, however, it seems this has become passe as I have seen many editors begin sentences with There without second thoughts and often justify it. Instead of debating the issue, I merely ensure my writing does not include such usage. What is your thought on this? Also, since we are talking grammatical, I noticed a typo in the second sentence of the second paragraph. Looks like the third word was not omitted upon a rewrite of the sentence. Enjoy your time with family and have a great weekend! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 21, 2011 at 4:06 pm Hi Nancy, thank you for raising the issue of starting a sentence with there. I am comfortable with that usage, e.g., There are many things to be grateful for in life! Sometimes using there to start a sentence is superfluous, e.g., instead of There are many people who disagree with that rule, say Many people disagree with that rule. Thank you for catching my proofreading oversight. It has been corrected! And thank you for the holiday wishes. Im having a wonderful time and look forward to attending the Clearwater Generations concert tomorrow night! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 10:59 pm Hi Brenda and Happy Passover! I never had this problem until I came to the U.S. and was doing phone research. The questionnaires were full of grammatical errors and this one, in particular, using they to refer to a singular stuck in my throat. I tried to substitute it verbally with he/she or him/her, but if it looks stilted in writing (except for business letters/reports), it sounded worse when spoken. I love the solution that you gave above, which may require a bit more consideration, but as you said, makes the sentence much more powerful. I have several other grammatical peeves that are becoming more common such as using a instead of an and that instead of who. My English teacher must be turning in her grave at the way the English language is being distorted and rules flagrantly dismissed. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 1:12 am Thanks Penelope. Another solution is to use plurals, since we do have a gender-neutral plural third person pronoun. I am with you on the who vs. that issue, though there is debate about whether it is incorrect to refer to people as that. Definitely a topic for me to tackle in the future. The use of a instead of and occurs more in speech than in written communication, as far as I can tell. We live in a constantly evolving world of language and things that were not acceptable even a couple of years ago are now the norm. Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 11:02 pm Gosh, did I make a mistake when I wrote, Hi Brenda and Happy Passover, as if the latter was also a person! Obviously, it should have read: Hi Brenda. Happy Passover! A mistake in my very first comment about grammatical correctness. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 12:53 am Hi Penelope, I would not have noticed that mistake if you hadnt pointed it out! Good catch. I saw one other thing in this recent post, however: I would suggest writing as if the latter *were* also a person. This is an example of the subjunctive tense and I will put it on my list for blog articles in the future! Heres one site I found that addresses the issue: https://www.ceafinney.com/subjunctive/guide.html Thanks so much for your comments Penelope! Log in to Reply Ann Mullen says: April 23, 2011 at 4:39 pm Good afternoon, I would also suggest the following: People who pray because they. . . are not the least threatened by the person standing next to them . . . . I struggle with the singular they when I read it so I often use he or she, or vary the gender of the person in different sentences or different paragraphs. I dont do it consistently because then I appear too worried about the sex of the subjects and not as concerned about my topic. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 6:49 pm Hi Ann, yes Ive been thinking that I should add to my article the option of making the subject plural. In this particular example I still like the gendered language because of the picture it draws. I agree that in many instances, however, pluralizing is the best solution! Log in to Reply Paula Lee Bright says: April 25, 2011 at 4:14 am As I mentioned earlier, I am a sinner to the -nth degree! Yes, using they and their bother me when referring to a singular person But Ive decided that readability and the comfort of my readers is more important to me than being grammatically correct. It still galls me. But I go with it! My blog for parents of kids who cant read is as conversational as I can make it, and my personal blog is truly me to you in its style. So even though the purist in my still lives!- I have adapted and accept what people feel most comfortable with. Because quite honestly, none of my readers choose me for my grammar. They choose me because what I have to say resonates in their (!-hey, but it was plural!) lives. Ill always grimacebut then Ill write just as I would speak to them. And the English perfectionist in me be damned! (Did you notice how many incomplete sentences I used? I feel sure you did. 😉 ) Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 25, 2011 at 10:08 am Great comment Paula, and it reminds us that we write for our audience. If the audience expects a particular type of language, it is our job as writers to give it to them. When Im on the streets of Brooklyn, I ask people if they know where the laundromat is at. Anything else would just sound weird. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 30, 2011 at 4:58 pm Thank you for your additional option of using the second person. In the example at hand, it would not work in exactly the language you offered since the author is describing a scenario that occurs in a congregation. However, it could read, â€Å"At Kolot Chayeinu, if you pray because you believe that God will personally make a difference in your daily life, those around you will not be the least bit threatened even if they do not believe in God at all.† Log in to Reply

Black Hole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Hole - Essay Example The book discusses the study conducted by a scientist Jim Al-Khalili on the various theories that have presented by Einstein. Black holes are a part of the universe and space and Einstein have presented a number of theories regarding this concept. And the scientist earlier mentioned have studied in detail all these theories and have presented several different new discoveries which he discovered during this study. Universe, time and space are all directly related to the concept of the black hole and have direct relations with the existence and non-existence of black holes. The scientist has presented that certain theories presented by Einstein like the theory of relativity are not completely applicable to the concept of the black hole. On the other hand, scientists like Einstein himself believes that the theories are true and in working condition. The book was a great source of information and provided with great deals of information and the book contained certain information which c ould not be found in other relevant books. Through the studying of the book, it can be concluded that the book is written after the great research and through study. This is a dissertation that has been written purely on the concept of black holes, the controversies that have been presented on the concept of black holes. Many theories have been presented regarding the concept of black holes and as a result, a number of contradictions have been presented on the topic of the black hole. Â  ... On the other hand, scientists like Einstein himself believes that the theories are true and in working condition. The book was a great source of information and provided with great deals of information and the book contained certain information which could not be found in other relevant books. Through the studying of the book it can be concluded that the book is written after great research and through study. Potvin, Geoffrey D, and Amanda . Peet. Singularity Resolution and the Black Hole Information Paradox. , 2006. Print. This is a dissertation that has been written purely on the concept of black holes, the controversies that have been presented on the concept of black holes. Many theories have been presented regarding the concept of black holes and as a result a number of contradictions have been presented on the topic of black hole. This book which is in actual a thesis has discussed in detail these controversies and the paradox that exists regarding the issue of black hole. Blac k hole is such a big controversy in the history of science that no other issue can second it. Many famous scientists have declared that black holes are a part of this universe and they are an unshaken reality while on the other numerous other renowned and eminent scientists have presented theories that there is no such thing as black holes and all the concept behind the black holes that has been presented by scientists who support are totally illogical and baseless. This thesis has discussed these various issues in detail and has presented its own view regarding this issue. The thesis is very interesting piece of writing and very informative. Fabbri, Alessandro, and Jose? Navarro-Salas. Modeling Black Hole Evaporation. London: Imperial College Press, 2005.

The analysis of the business strategies of Gene one Research Paper

The analysis of the business strategies of Gene one - Research Paper Example Moreover frequent changes in leadership in the Food and Drug Administration have further increased investors confidence in the same. Thus the board has made it a point to increase the company’s growth target by 40%. However this is not possible to happen without the company being made public in the coming three years. However, this is not free from some hurdles. It involves costs in the form of IPO capital for the new developments, costs in the form of advertisements and huge marketing expenses to retain success in the market. There is also an issue that investors have been becoming increasingly cautious about the biotech investments because of a prevailing scandal in human genome sequencing. Despite of the fact that it is a different company this is sure to create negative publicity for the industry at large. This would have to be overcome by showing that it possessed the leadership capacity and technology which was required to operate in future. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethi cal Dilemmas The idea was to develop two new breakthrough technologies along with the development of six new and innovative products which would be based on the current technology. However, this would necessarily mean need for new technical expertise and skills which would consequently make the prevailing human expertise obsolete and redundant and this would consequently have impact on the employees in the organization. Changing the technology application and usage might call for job cuts and company downsizing. However, the situation would confront with certain ethical dilemmas and constraints. Job cuts would spoil the reputation of the company largely and abrupt changes in the present job structures and... The paper throws light on considerable opportunities for growth considering the high growth phase of the industry segment that the Gene One operates. However, in order to realize the ambitious goals of the company it is very essential to ensure organizational excellence. This calls for effective leadership skills on the part of the leader of the organization. The business leader must essentially have the vision and long term planning skills in order to ensure business growth. The leader must follow a democratic approach in dealing with the employees. This would ensure participation from all the quarters of the organization that would instill greater trust and confidence among the employees. In addition to this effective leadership in the organization would also ensure greater job satisfaction that would lead to motivation among the employees of the organization. This is very important as employees or the human resources are the ultimate assets for any organization and the success of an organization is highly dependent upon the performance of the workforce. Finally, there should be careful planning and co-ordination as well as risk management techniques that can help in monitoring and evaluation. An effective leader must also ensure complete responsibility of the entire project so as to ensure long term sustainable competitive edge for the organization in the long run so as to help make Gene One a corporate giant as well as a formidable brand in the global market and help maintain sustainability and profitability in the long run.

Developing a Close-Out Plan in Procurement Management Plan Research Paper

Developing a Close-Out Plan in Procurement Management Plan - Research Paper Example This calls in the legal advice from either the corporate legal counsel or an outside lawyer. This is a matter of withdrawing from the provisions of the outsourced contract. Usually the terms and processes for terminating a contract before time are spelled out in the initial contract. This section of the contract is called the termination clause. This clause is there for the protection of both the buyer and the seller, since termination before time can severely damage the interests of either party. Most procurement contracts usually require that the party who wants to terminate the contract before time must notify the other party within a reasonable amount of time, failure to which can result in severe financial penalties for that party. Another aspect of termination clause is the substitute provider. The party who wants to forfeit being part of the legal contract will have to find an alternative provider for the other party if it wants to get out of the contractual relationship. Such provisions and contingencies depend on the parties to the contract. There is no hard and fast rule to this as both parties make the rules themselves of earlier termination in the initial contract (Beyond the Information Systems Outsourcing Bandwagon, 2005). If a contract has a written provision that any modification or termination by agreement should be in written form, then any termination or modification cannot be made effective otherwise. But as stated earlier, this agreement is made by the parties to the contract and termination or modification can be made possible and legally effective orally, in written form, by an act, by staying silent or by inaction, if the initial contract contains such a provision (Viscassilas, 2006). Categorizing the differences in termination of contracts There are three general scenarios in which one party feel the urge and have legal approval to end the contract; Scenario A: Termination for Cause or Default (Seller’s Gaffe) This is a classic f ault from the seller’s side in which the buyer is not satisfied by the quality of the products or the delivery timings. In brief, the seller doesn’t fulfill his contractual obligations in the way he is bound to fulfill them. ‘Failure without legal excuse’ is the key term here that defines the seller’s breach. Seller fails to complete his critical obligations and the buyer is fully defensible in terminating the contracting immediately. Breach from the seller’s side should be ‘material’, which means that the damage to the buyer must be significant enough to give him the legitimate excuse to lay off the contract. Scenario B: Closure for the Suitability (of the Buying side) This tort is inspired by the Federal Acquisition Law which states that the federal government reserves the right to end the procurement contract for its convenience. Many other governmental agencies have followed this law since and have acquired the same legal pos ition in their procurement contracts. These governmental agencies can end the contract if and when they see fitting. These governmental bodies represent state, county and local and many industries are following this legal trend. If the buyer terminates the contract before it is legally expired, he/she needs to notify the seller at a reasonable time so as to not hurt him financially. After sending the notice, both parties must come to the negotiation table to sort

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems Thesis

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems - Thesis Example This research will begin with the presentation of theories in the field of security and identity. Secure authentication protocol for the multi-server environment using dynamic ID. This theory relies on the nonce-based (a value or counter) mechanism rather than timestamp. The authentication key of the user is based on two factors such that the theft of one cannot be used to recreate the other, thereby improving the level of security. The theft of the past session key cannot serve to provide access to any individual twice since the key is nonce-based and unique every time. User anonymity is protected with the dynamicity of the variables of the login session. The user Ui sends the following login message to the desired server Sj: (CIDi, Pij, Qi, Ni) where CIDi is the dynamic and ID of Ui, Pij and Qij are nonce-based variables and Ni is the nonce value. The above-mentioned variables are computed by hash functions in accordance with the uniquely generated nounce. This technique not only p rovides a unique session but also hides the identity of the user.   Its attributes: Two-factor authentication; Single registration for multi-server access; User anonymity; Avoidance of time-synchronization problem. These authors have not implemented their approach in the physical environments; however, the attributes of their theory seem effective enough to facilitate a secure service in multi-server environments.... Several laws and security measures are deployed to protect the identity of individuals in the physical world but minimal efforts have been witnessed for the provision of such laws in online spaces. Control of personal information Clear mapping between physical and virtual identity Conceal information This theory is relevant since it provides an individual certain rights to control the exposure of his personal information. This enhances the level of privacy and security of the data. The authors explain the implementation of the concept of e-ID federation which provides access across multiple platforms [21]. e-ID federation implements a security token service (STS) that is based on the Windows Identity Framework. The authentication mechanism is based on security certificates, login forms, Windows Authentication and OpenID credentials [22]. A common platform is established by the STS that can be accessed by different sources to authenticate the individuals. The interoperability takes pl ace on an intermediate layer that serves as an abstraction of the authentication mechanism. The federated authentication mechanism of STS can be seen in Appendix A.2 Security certificates OpenID credentials WS Federation Specification The STS authentication mechanism has been explained in a comprehensive manner with the aid of a diagram. Windows Identity framework can serve as the basis of the authentication mechanism for the chosen research study. Perspectives Theory name Definition of the theory The reason for selecting this theory Its attributes If the theory and attributes can be applied in virtual or physical environments Acceptability and

Organizational Culture at Shoenman and Associates Case Study

Organizational Culture at Shoenman and Associates - Case Study Example According to the paper, Shoenman and associates has provided an opportunity for its employees to have fun and enjoy the end of the year. However, fun in the context of this company has been institutionalized through the development of second order relationships among the top executives and other employees. By placing the part over Christmas, a time when people have fun and relax, the company has developed a strong culture of enhancing the social being of the employees. Furthermore, Friday is a weekend synonymous with fun, partying and get together in different institutions. However, shoenman and associates Christmas party makes it a form of appreciating the roles of every employee at such a point in time. Of unique significance in this party, is the fact that the employees are expected to attend alone, without tagging their partners along? This highlights the role of this session in not only having fun within the company, but also discussing business related issues only. The culture developed by Shoenman and associate creates a room for the interaction of employees, irrespective of qualification and position in the company. This is a community kind of relationship where an interpersonal relationship is developed in which freedom is provided to each employee. Employees enjoy each other spontaneously and in a free environment without the intimidator work environment, which is common in various organizations. The practices at Shoenman and associate have significant cultural symbolism, which various organizations can emulate in order to improve the relationship between it and the employees. The Christmas party symbolizes the social drama that characterizes various organizations including Shoenman and associate as depicted in this article.  

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems Thesis

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems - Thesis Example This research will begin with the presentation of theories in the field of security and identity. Secure authentication protocol for the multi-server environment using dynamic ID. This theory relies on the nonce-based (a value or counter) mechanism rather than timestamp. The authentication key of the user is based on two factors such that the theft of one cannot be used to recreate the other, thereby improving the level of security. The theft of the past session key cannot serve to provide access to any individual twice since the key is nonce-based and unique every time. User anonymity is protected with the dynamicity of the variables of the login session. The user Ui sends the following login message to the desired server Sj: (CIDi, Pij, Qi, Ni) where CIDi is the dynamic and ID of Ui, Pij and Qij are nonce-based variables and Ni is the nonce value. The above-mentioned variables are computed by hash functions in accordance with the uniquely generated nounce. This technique not only p rovides a unique session but also hides the identity of the user.   Its attributes: Two-factor authentication; Single registration for multi-server access; User anonymity; Avoidance of time-synchronization problem. These authors have not implemented their approach in the physical environments; however, the attributes of their theory seem effective enough to facilitate a secure service in multi-server environments.... Several laws and security measures are deployed to protect the identity of individuals in the physical world but minimal efforts have been witnessed for the provision of such laws in online spaces. Control of personal information Clear mapping between physical and virtual identity Conceal information This theory is relevant since it provides an individual certain rights to control the exposure of his personal information. This enhances the level of privacy and security of the data. The authors explain the implementation of the concept of e-ID federation which provides access across multiple platforms [21]. e-ID federation implements a security token service (STS) that is based on the Windows Identity Framework. The authentication mechanism is based on security certificates, login forms, Windows Authentication and OpenID credentials [22]. A common platform is established by the STS that can be accessed by different sources to authenticate the individuals. The interoperability takes pl ace on an intermediate layer that serves as an abstraction of the authentication mechanism. The federated authentication mechanism of STS can be seen in Appendix A.2 Security certificates OpenID credentials WS Federation Specification The STS authentication mechanism has been explained in a comprehensive manner with the aid of a diagram. Windows Identity framework can serve as the basis of the authentication mechanism for the chosen research study. Perspectives Theory name Definition of the theory The reason for selecting this theory Its attributes If the theory and attributes can be applied in virtual or physical environments Acceptability and

Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance Research Paper

Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance - Research Paper Example The research paper "Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance" investigates abstract expressionism. It challenges the controlled aspects in art and gives us the freedom to express our own idea of what art is through expression. If you take your time to look at a work of art, it should take you through a process, emotions, and should tell a story, which is what Abstract Expressionism does. From brush strokes, to color schemes, to texture, to geometric and organic shape and line, Abstract Expressionism provides an experience that is reserved for those who are willing to experience a journey of something different and not immediate familiar. Artists such as Hans Hofmann, Jackson Polluck, Franz Kline, Gerhard Richter, and Norman Lewis have been leaders in abstract expressionism through painting and I personally have been inspired through their works. My paintings, mixed media art, and photography are all influenced by Abstract Expressionism. While analyzing the works of these artists, w e will discuss the comparison of control versus chance in art and the need for Abstract Expressionism in the contemporary world of art. It emerged soon after the Second World War thereby developing a new trend in painting among other types of arts. Different artists that shared the school of thought appreciated different features of art as they sought the freedom to express their creativity and artistic instinct in the development of art. Abstract expressionism therefore relies on the creativity, energy and action.

Scientific method Essay Example for Free

Scientific method Essay Outline and illustrate three characteristics of sense-data. (15 marks) Anticipate the following characteristics: †¢ We are immediately/directly acquainted with sense-data, (from which we infer a mindindependent reality). †¢ Sense-data are (usually) mental or mind-dependent. †¢ Sense-data exist only as they are perceived. †¢ Reports regarding sense-data are incorrigible. †¢ Sense-data are nothing other than how they appear – they have no hidden depths. †¢ The sense-data I experience will vary according to the conditions in which I perceive an object. †¢ Sense-data, unlike physical objects, can have indeterminate process. †¢ Sense-data and physical objects/distinguishing sense-data. Illustrate examples are likely to differ depending on the points being made and can be drawn from various sources: Illusions and delusions (e. g. bent sticks, mirage, hallucinations), perceptual relativity (the real shape of the coin, the real properties of the table), phenomenology (apparent and real speckled hens) or time-lag arguments (seeing the ‘sun’) that distinguish between the way the world appears and the way it is. Consider the claim that the weaknesses of representative realism outweigh its strengths. (30 marks) Knowledge and Understanding Anticipate the following outline of representative realism: There is a material reality independent of our perception of it – an external world – from which experience originates. But our perception of material objects is mediated via ‘ a veil of perception’. Our immediate awareness is of an ‘internal’ non-material something – ‘ideas’ or sense-data – that we take as representative of mind independent external reality. The claim that there is an external world is a hypothesis. Interpretation, Analysis and Application Possible strengths †¢ Unlike common sense, representative realism can account for illusions/hallucinations by proposing we experience ideas/sense-data. †¢ Representative Realism gets the epistemological project right: I have to start from my own ‘experience’ and work outward to an external world. †¢ Representative Realism acknowledges the scientific claim that mind-independent reality is not as it appears to us (and the primary/secondary qualities distinction might be used here to articulate this point.) †¢ Representative realism acknowledges a distinction between appearance and reality but it is able to counter scepticism: it is reasonable to suppose that there is a mindindependent reality that impinges upon me in systematic ways, not subject to will, which my experience ‘represents’ in ways similar to your experience. Possible weaknesses †¢ Representative Realism is incompatible with Empiricism because it makes claims about mind-independent reality that transcend any possible experience: it makes empty assertions devoid of empirical consequences (e.g. ‘a something we know not what’); it illegitimately draws inferences from familiar experience (e. g. observations of casual relations) to support judgements regarding a reality that ‘must be strange’ (Russell). †¢ The apparatus employed by representative realism cannot avoid scepticism: a veil of perception intermediate between object and perceiver opens up an unbridgeable gap. †¢ Representative Realism (at least in its ‘pure’ empiricist form) does not have the resources to escape solipsism. †¢ The scientific appearance/reality distinction need not have any exceptional ‘philosophical significance regarding what there is; it just regulates what counts as relevant/irrelevant when scientists do science (c. f. demarcation issues like ‘Are we doing psychology or sociology? ’ ‘Is that a philosophical point of history? ’). †¢ A candidate might compare representative realism with other positions (e. g. idealism) just as long as the comparison highlights possible strengths and weaknesses of representative realism. †¢ Appeals to Occam’s Razor. Both direct realism and idealism are ontologically parsimonious contra representative realism. Assessment and Evaluation A candidate could argue for the following conclusions: †¢ The weaknesses outweigh the strengths †¢ The strengths outweigh the weaknesses †¢ The strengths and weaknesses balance out, more or less. †¢ Drawing out the implications of ‘something we know not what’ as Berkeley was to do. †¢ Support of direct realism e. g. exceptions can be allowed if they can be explained, correction by other senses. †¢ Presuppositions of recognising deceptions, †¢ Reid’s criticism of phenomenal variability – we can explain and predict. †¢ External world seen as hypothetical, but is this like a scientific hypothesis? Verification issues. †¢ How could we have the concept of a representation if we are only aware of representations. Analysis of how the concept works. †¢ If we cannot know physical objects, then neither can we know their causal powers. †¢ The external world could never be more than a probability. But how do we do the calculations needed for such a claim?

The substitution reactions

The substitution reactions Acknowledgement The preparation of this project on the topic- substitution reactions.: a profile would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of my TEACHERS. I would like to give most specially thanks to my CHE sir Dr. Ashish kumar who is my chemistry teacher to giving me the important guidelines during making this project. So, I hope this project will provide large and sufficient information about the different coordination numbers present in the coordination chemistry. Introduction In substitution reaction, afunctional groupin a particularchemical compoundis replaced by another group[1]. Inorganic chemistry, theelectrophilicandnucleophilicsubstitution reactions are of prime importance. Organic substitution reactions classified in several mainorganic reactiontypes depending on whether thereagentthat brings about the substitution is considered anelectrophileor anucleophile, whether areactive intermediateinvolved in the reaction is acarbocation, acarbanionor afree radicalor whether thesubstrateisaliphaticor aromatic. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent Substitution reaction : chlorination of methane Nuclophilic reactions: These kind of substitution reactions happen when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means, an atom or molecule with free electrons. Anucleophilereacts with analiphaticsubstrate in anucleophilic aliphatic substitutionreaction. When the substrate is anaromaticcompound the reaction type isnucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carboxylic acidderivatives react with nucleophiles innucleophilic acyl substitution. This kind of reaction can be useful in preparing compounds The Nucleophilic substitutions can be produced by two different mechanisms: Monomolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1): In this case the reaction proceeds in stages, the compounds first dissociate in their ions and then this ions react between them. Its produced by carbocations. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2): In this case the reaction proceeds in only one stage. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group happen simultaneously. Electrophilic reaction Electrophilesare involved inelectrophilic substitutionreactions and particularly inelectrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds thanarenesgenerally lead toelectrophilic additionrather than substitution. Radical substitutions Aradical substitutionreaction involvesradicals The term nucleophile comes from the Greek meaning nucleus loving, in other words nucleophiles seek positive charged centres. Nucleophiles have lone pairs of electrons and may carry a negative charge. There are many examples of nucleophiles, such asNH3,H2O,CN-,HC?C-, andOH-. Alkyl halides contain a halogen (X =F,Cl,BrorI) covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Due to the electronegativity differences between carbon and the halide, theC-Xbond is polar with a partial positive charge (?+) on the carbon atom and a partial negative charge (?-) on the halogen. Halogens are good leaving groups and can be replaced by an incoming nucleophile. Nucleophilic substitution is the reaction of an electron pair donor (the nucleophile, Nu) with an electron pair acceptor (the electrophile). An sp3-hybridized electrophile must have a leaving group (X) in order for the reaction to take place. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution The term SN2 means that two molecules are involved in the actual transition state: The departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously with the backside attack by the nucleophile. The SN2 reaction thus leads to a predictable configuration of the stereocenter it proceeds with inversion (reversal of the configuration). In the SN1 reaction, a planar carbenium ion is formed first, which then reacts further with the nucleophile. Since the nucleophile is free to attack from either side, this reaction is associated with racemization. In both reactions, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group. Because of this, one must realize what properties a leaving group should have, and what constitutes a good nucleophile. For this reason, it is worthwhile to know which factors will determine whether a reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 pathway. Common examples include Organic reductionswithhydrides, for example R-X?R-HusingLiAlH4 (SN2) hydrolysisreactions such as R-Br + OH-?R-OH+Br-(SN2) or R-Br + H2O ? R-OH +HBr (SN1) Williamson ether synthesis R-Br +OR-?R-OR+ Br- (SN2) Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitutionorEASis anorganic reactionin which an atom, usuallyhydrogen, appended to anaromatic systemis replaced by anelectrophile. The most important reactions of this type that take place arearomatic nitration,aromatic halogenation,aromatic sulfonation, and acylation and alkylatingFriedel-Crafts reactions. Basic reaction Aromatic nitrationsto formnitro compoundstake place by generating a nitronium ion fromnitric acidandsulfuric acid. Aromatic sulfonationofbenzenewith fumingsulfuric acidgives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenationof benzene withbromine,chlorineoriodinegives the corresponding aryl halogen compounds catalyzed by the corresponding iron trihalide. TheFriedel-Crafts reactionexists as anacylationand analkylationwith acyl halides oralkyl halidesas reactants. The catalyst is most typicallyaluminium trichloride, but almost any strongLewis acidcan be used. In Fridel-Crafts acylation, a full measure of aluminium trichloride must be used, as opposed to a catalytic amount. Basic reaction mechanism In the first step of thereaction mechanismfor this reaction, the electron-rich aromatic ring which in the simplest case isbenzeneattacks the electrophileA. This leads to the formation of a positively-charged cyclohexadienylcation, also known as anarenium ion. Thiscarbocationis unstable, owing both to the positive charge on the molecule and to the temporary loss ofaromaticity. However, the cyclohexadienyl cation is partially stabilized byresonance, which allows the positive charge to be distributed over three carbon atoms. In the second stage of the reaction, aLewis baseBdonates electrons to the hydrogen atom at the point of electrophilic attack, and the electrons shared by the hydrogen return to thepisystem, restoring aromaticity. An electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene does not always result in monosubstitution. While electrophilic substituents usually withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring and thus deactivate it against further reaction, a sufficiently strong electrophile can perform a second or even a third substitution. This is especially the case with the use ofcatalysts. Radical Substitution Radicals A radical is a species that contains unpaired electrons. Typically formed by a homolytic bond cleavage as represented by the fishhook curved arrows: RADICAL CHAIN MECHANISM FOR REACTION OF METHANE WITH Br2 Step 1 (Initiation) Heat or uv light cause the weak halogen bond to undergo homolytic cleavage to generate two bromine radicals and starting the chain process. Step 2 (Propagation) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen to form HBr and a methyl radical, then The methyl radical abstracts a bromine atom from another molecule of Br2to form the methyl bromide product andanotherbromine radical, which can then itself undergo reaction 2(a) creating a cycle that can repeat. Step 3 (Termination) Various reactions between the possible pairs of radicals allow for the formation of ethane, Br2or the product, methyl bromide. These reactions remove radicals and do not perpetuate the cycle. There are two components to understanding the selectivity of radical halogenations of alkanes: reactivity of R-H system reactivity of X. R-H The strength of the R-H varies slightly depending on whether the H is 1o, 2oor 3o. The following table shows the bond dissociation energy, that is the energy required to break the bond in a homolytic fashion, generating R.and H. Halogen radical, X. Bromine radicals are less reactive than chlorine radicals Br.tends to be more selective in its reactions, and prefers to react with the weaker R-H bonds. The more reactive chlorine radical is less discriminating in what it reacts with. The selectivity of the radical reactions can be predicted mathematically based on a combination of an experimentally determined reactivity factor, Ri, and a statistical factor, nHi. In order to use the equation shown below we need to look at our original alkane and look at each H in turn to see what product it would give if it were to be susbtituted. This is an exercise in recognizing different types of hydrogen, something that will be important later. REFERENCES:- Chang Raymond www.wikepedia.org www.google.com

Life is Beautiful :: Personal Narrative Essays

Life is Beautiful I threw my hands into the air, fell back on Emily's bed, and covered my stressed eyes with the palms of my hands. Suddenly Emily turned out the lights and whispered "night-night" in a small voice as the door closed. She did it again. Just when I thought that I was the worst teacher in the world, torturing this sweet little girl with incomprehensible questions that she just wouldn't answer, she does something to show me that she does see me, she can hear me, and more importantly, she's responding to me. Sitting up, I think, "Oh Emily, I could just pick you up, hold you, and never make you work again. But you won't let me hold you. That is why we have to do this." Renewed, I was ready to start again. Emily is a six-year-old with autism. I met her in 1996 through a baby-sitting job. This was the first time I had ever taken care of a person with a disability. Although I was a little afraid, I was excited that I would be able to do this. Emily's autism causes her to learn more slowly than other children. She doesn't communicate or respond to the outside world as most children do. It is a rare social and emotional developmental disorder. For Emily, simple tasks, such as focusing on an object or idea, become difficult, aggravating, and sometimes impossible. This makes it very hard for Emily to play a board game with her sister because she doesn't understand about rolling dice or moving the pieces. A year after meeting Emily, her mother offered me another job through an organization called Respite. I would work exclusively with Emily to reinforce her communication and self-motivation skills, and in turn, help to take down the communication barrier. I would accomplish this by being both her friend and teacher: playing with her while prompting her to talk and respond. I've been doing Respite work with Emily for three years and it has been an incredible experience. Of course there were times when I would talk to her and she would just not respond the way I wanted her to. These instances of frustration are always made up for by the times when she progresses so fast and I just have to hug her. Although I know that with her degree of autism she will never fully overcome her disabilities, it is exhilarating to see how she has improved.

Classroom Management And Discipline In Regular Classrooms

In â€Å" Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn, † Harry and Rosemary Wong describe the successes and the jobs encountered by Jessica Fenton, who portions how she overcame some major obstructions she faced in her first twelvemonth of instruction. Fenton ‘s first challenge was that she was trained as an simple school instructor, but upon graduation, she was offered ( and accepted ) a place learning 9th grade English. Fenton felt overwhelmed and unprepared from the beginning, confronting jobs that were ne'er addressed in her college instruction classs. She was beguiling her clip instruction, coaching, chaperoning school dances, volunteering on assorted commissions, and assisting with graduation. Fenton was working from seven A.M. to midnight and still felt unprepared. By Christmas interruption of her first twelvemonth of instruction, Fenton was close to giving up on her dreams of being a instructor. Alternatively, she decided it was clip for a alteration and committed herself to larning how to go a better instructor. She attended seminars, attended workshops, read books, and stole any good thought she discovered along the manner. Fenton shortly realized that, with a few alterations, she could turn it all about. She started by developing a list of processs that would do her schoolroom modus operandis run swimmingly. Using the three measure theoretical account taught in The First Days of School by Harry Wong, Fenton taught these processs to her pupils by explicating each process, patterning and practising them with the category, and implementing a method of follow through to reenforce each process. Once Fenton created a new degree of direction and organisation to her schoolroom, she was able to learn with easiness. She besides distributed two press releases to her pupils. The first was a department-wide class lineation that explained the literature they would be analyzing, how they would be graded, and the policies for assignments and prep. Most significantly, at the underside of the paper was this statement: â€Å" The grade of success earned by the pupil will depend on committedness and ownership. If the three participants: pupil, parent/guardian, and teacher, work together, the pupil will see success. † This press release was sent place to parents and defenders to see. The 2nd press release was a Course Information page that laid out her major processs, listed the specific dislocation of how each twenty-four hours was traveling to be run, explained their forenoon bellwork, what to convey to category every twenty-four hours, and how they were to form their work. When F enton returned to school from the vacation interruption, she was a changed instructor. Because Fenton set clear outlooks of her pupils and herself, she set the phase for a successful remainder of the twelvemonth. At the beginning of the school twelvemonth in 2009, Fenton got the chance to run into her long-time graven image, Erin Gruwell, the instructor of the Freedom Writers. As a new instructor in Long Beach, CA, Gruwell was shocked to larn that merely one pupil in her category knew of the Holocaust. At that minute, she decided that her course of study would focus on on tolerance. Gruwell inspired 150 deprived pupils write their narratives, do films about their lives, keep diaries, read books about other adolescents, and associate the stuffs they studied to their ain lives. These pupils became known as the Freedom Writers. Gruwell founded the Freedom Writer Foundation in 1997. The end of the foundation is to â€Å" animate immature pupils to pick up pens alternatively of guns. † Now Gruwell portions her experiences with instructors across the state. After run intoing Fenton, Gruwell offered her an chance to come to the Freedom Writer Institute in California. Fenton gracefully attende d the Institution, and took what she learned back to her schoolroom. Fenton and Gruwell portion a deep passion for pupils and their profession. One of Fenton ‘s ends is to associate to each of her pupils in a personal manner. Now, on the first twenty-four hours of school, Fenton begins with a Power Point presentation presenting herself, her personal grounds for why she loves to learn, and fun facts about herself. Subsequently, her pupils make full out an in-class checklist to place the manner they learn best, what their concerns are, and what countries of the stuff they are fighting with. This encourages unfastened communicating between Fenton and her pupils. Inspired by Gruwell, Fenton sets high outlooks for her pupils by holding them make full out a study that asks what grade they hope to accomplish and how they plan to make so. The pupils are required to subscribe a statement that states their personal committedness to accomplishing their ends. Fenton is now in her 4th twelvemonth of instruction, and she believes that she has the best occupation in the universe. As an active subscriber to the New Brunswick Teachers ‘ Association and a member of the Ad Hoc Planning Committee, she portions her passion and dedication to doing a difference in her pupils ‘ lives. Though Fenton is a successful instructor, her end is to go on to larn from her pupils and to go a better pedagogue. Analysis The text edition states that Jacob Kounin conducted schoolroom surveies in the 1960 ‘s to nail the best manner to near schoolroom direction and subject. He found that good instructors used identifiable processs for deriving pupil attending and clear uping outlooks. These thoughts, which coincide with the Managerial attack, were used by Jessica Fenton to go a more effectual instructor. By puting up clear regulations, processs, and outlooks, Fenton was able to pull off and form her schoolroom in the 2nd half of her first twelvemonth. This is the recommended attack for new instructors, and one time in topographic point in, Fenton ‘s schoolroom modus operandis flowed swimmingly. By puting up clear modus operandis and processs, her pupils were organized and ready to larn. This besides left less chance for misbehaviour, because Fenton was maximising their acquisition clip. The text edition besides discusses the work of William Glasser, a head-shrinker and a great educational mind. He believes there are seven linking wonts that instructors can utilize to better dealingss between themselves and their pupils: lovingness, listening, back uping, lending, promoting, swearing, and befriending. These wonts, portion of the Humanistic attack, are used by Fenton to better her relationship with her pupils. On the first twenty-four hours of school Fenton portions facts about herself that allow the pupils to acquire to cognize her better. She besides uses an in-class checklist, in which the pupils tell her about themselves and their concerns. This opens up the lines of communicating between pupil and instructor, and promotes a figure of the linking wonts mentioned by Glasser. Fenton besides promotes ripening by holding the pupils fill out a study inquiring the class they hope to accomplish, and how they plan to make so. The pupils sign a personal committedness to ac complishing this end. In drumhead, the acquisition in Jessica Fenton ‘s schoolroom did non happen merely for her pupils. Because she was passionate about her pupils and her profession, she worked to better fix herself as an pedagogue. Her penetration was non new, as evidenced in the work of Kounin and Glasser, but her cognition of the attack to learning was new to her. Her committedness to personal growing and larning sets a criterion for her pupils to follow. A Wong, Harry and Rosemary. â€Å" Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn. † Teachers.Net. Mar. 2010. Web. 04 June 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //teachers.net/wong/MAR10/ & gt ; .

Explain the relationship between mental health problems and society Essay

The way in which the public perceive people with mental health impairments is constantly being called into question. The relationship between mental health and social problems are prominent in day to day life, but can be experienced and viewed on varying levels-this is dependent on individuals. Stigma and discrimination stem from personal ignorance and fear, whether the person is not well educated enough to understand illness or is ignorant to it; realistically the ignorance is more likely to cause social problems on an individual basis. The public needs a better awareness and understanding of what mental health is and how it affects people and the support network around them. (Angermeyer and Matschinger 2005) Argue that members of the public have limited knowledge of mental illness and what they do know can sometimes be entirely incorrect. (Thornicroft 2006) States that the public believe having a mental illness reduces intelligence and the ability to make decisions and that some people still believe schizophrenia means having a split personality. In addition, (Thornicroft 2006) say it is common for the public to not grasp the difference between mental illness and learning disabilities. This can lead to common misconceptions in society. (McLeod, S. A 2008). Social Roles and Social Norms – Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/social-roles.htmlthere) There are many ways that people can influence our behavior, but perhaps one of the most important is that the presence of others seems to set up expectations. Social Norms are unwritten rules about how to behave. They provide us with an expected idea of how to behave in a particular social group or culture. Because some people don’t fit into this social norm (Time to Change. 2008. Stigma Shout[online] available at: http://www.time-to-change.org.uk/research-reports-publications [accessed 30th September 2013) state 9 out of 10 people with mental health problems have been affected by stigma and discrimination and more than two thirds have stopped doing things they wanted to do because of stigma. Having aspirations and wanting to be in employment gives a certain level of self-esteem and people are generally in a much better position to build  social relationships and contribute to society, this in turn helps; the community, the nation, and fellow man. Still people with severe mental health problems have a lower rate of employment than any other disabled group, but are proved more likely than any other group with disabilities to want to have a job and desire work. Up to 90% of people suffering from mental health issues say they would like to work this is compared to 52% of disabled people (Stanley K, Maxwell D 2004. Fit for purpose London: IPPR). Campaigners such as ‘Time to Change’ are reaching out to the media particularly through social networking to make people more aware and be more open to recognising early signs of mental health problems, this will in turn help reduce the number of unreported mental health problems in the UK. The WHO Mental Health Survey Consortium (2004) previously reported that up to 85% of people with serious mental disorders did not receive treatment in a one year period (World Health Organisation – Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organisation world mental health surveys 2004. 291:p. 2581-2590). Anti-stigma campaigns can help build a better relationship between mental health and social problems in a positive manner. Direct social contact with people with mental health problems is without doubt the most effective way to change public attitudes so the greater the awareness the higher chance of people leaving personal prejudices behind. 77% of adults believe that the media does not do a good job in educating people about mental illness (Priory Group 2007. Crying shame. Leatherhead, Surrey: Priory Group). There are many different perspectives and understandings of mental health and opinions vary significantly even when different people are presented with the same situation involving someone apparently experiencing mental distress (Dr Colin King, Model Values 2009 cited Colombo et al, 2003a and b). Historically, the dominant model for explanations of mental disorders has been the ‘Medical Model’ which treats mental disorders in the same way as a physical cause and assumes the mental illness comes about primarily as a result of biochemical, genetic deviations, chemical imbalances or trauma which give rise to symptoms. These symptoms are classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which then leads to a  diagnoses and drugs prescribed or in more serious cases electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) or psychosurgery are used; the latter being the very last resort if other treatments prove to fail. With this model the treatment can be fast and therefore empowering people to live the life they have desired without having to stay in care homes or hospitals, though it is a double edged sword because as with all drugs there are side effects; it is known for ECT treatment to cause memory loss. Taking antipsychotic pills can cause weight gain and increase the chance of developing diabetes among other side effects. The Medical Model is alluring because it is succinct, tangible, and easily understandable and is in accordance with a scientific method which relies on objective and measurable observation. There have been three types of studies to provide evidence to support this view which have been family, twin studies- and adoption studies. The ‘Social Model’ looks at other sociological reasons to possible causes of mental health and is based on an understanding of the complexity of human health and well-being and supports the social networks of people who are vulnerable and frail. It takes the wider view that the ability to undertake such activities is limited by social barriers and shows the limitation of activity is not caused by impairments but a consequence of social barriers, this shifts the emphasis towards those aspects of the world that can be adapted and changed (The Social Model of Disability and The Disability Discrimination Act). The management of the problem requires social action and is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life. The issue is both cultural and ideological and requires individual, community and a large scale social change and from this perspective, equal access for someone with an impairment or disability is a human rights issue of major concern. Social model thinking has important implications for the education system too, and particularly primary and secondary schools. Prejudiced attitudes toward disabled people and all minority groups are not innate. They are learned through contact with the prejudice and ignorance of others. To conclude mental health and social problems can be non-excitant if society  focuses on the two dominant models ‘Medical & Social’. The two are the perfect example of a lasting relationship, intertwined with one another. Without the social model stigma and discrimination create barriers and without the medical model treatment would not be diagnosed and treated. With the two models society can empower individuals to live the life they desire, strive for and deserve. People with mental health problems should be safe guarded and encouraged to participate in their community regardless of their age, race, or disability. If society tackles problems with mental health and social problems people face the world would be a better and more positive place to live.

Explore Blake’s Chimney Sweeper poems from the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience Essay

In this essay I am going to explore Blake’s Chimney Sweeper poems from the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience. During this essay I will cover Blake’s life and times and the way chimney sweepers get treated around that time and what Blake attempts to do about it. Blake was born on November 28 in the year 1757. His parents where strict but understanding. Blake’s parents realised early in his life that Blake was gifted. He had an extremely active imagination and he often got visions. At only four years old he claimed he had seen God in one of these visions. Another time when he was with one of his friends he envisaged angels filling a tree. He horridly told his family what he saw but the response he got from his father was quite negative. His father threatened to whip him because he believed it was time for him to grow up. However his mother took Blake’s side and when she asked him about it he stated that the angels took the form of his thoughts. This vision was stuck with him and was extremely influential in his life. Blake obviously had a gift for seeing things with his eyes and in his imagination. He used his artwork to express his experiences. When Blake turned ten years of age his parents decided to enrol him into a drawing school. Later on in his life Blake used his talent as an artist to become a apprentice engraver. Throughout Blake’s life he had a dislike for nasty, unfair people especially towards those that had power and money like those in the government, and those that where associated with the church. Blake also could not stand power abusers and bad unfair treatment towards the poor, young and elderly. In the time of William Blake chimney sweepers went through a torrid time, it was as if they where young slaves. The age of the infants varied between five years old to the age of eight or nine if they could be fit up the chimneys. They where often bought off parents for as little a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2, in some cases however they may be purchased for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 but it is still a despicable price to pay for a young child. In the extreme cases the chimney sweepers where stole from family’s. When the sweeps had lost the use around the age of seven they get passed over to the church. Blake despised the serious health problems the sweeps got from this demanding life of threatening work. Most sweeps after only a short time of working in the chimneys end up with twisted kneecaps, ankles and even spines from crawling up the extremely cramped chimneys. There was even such a thing as â€Å"chimney sweeps cancer† which they got from the soot irritating there skin. Again we can see why Blake hates the idea of chimney sweepers and there treatment, they are forced to do inhumane things that even animals would never be told to do. The master sweeps imbedded fear into the young brains and subjected them to clean chimneys. They where made to live in the most inhabitable of conditions. They often slept on soot bags in dirty wet cellars. The sweeps where forced to clean the chimneys if they refused or could not fit up the chimneys they where punished by the fire being lit, slaps, prodding with poles and various other instruments and pricking of the bottoms of their feet. All this just so the master sweep can make an easy living from the poor misfortune of innocent children. Blake strongly disagreed with the treatment of the sweeps so much he wrote two beautiful poems about their treatment, these featured in two separate books, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. The first chimney sweeper poem is from the Songs of Innocence, Blake shows a strong message through his poems, and they sometimes come across light hearted like nursery rhymes. But often, if not all the time they have a dark sinister meaning. This is the beginning of Chimney sweeper 1 and straight away Blake invites the reader to feel sympathy for the situation the family is in. It shows how poor the family is, it gets so bad the father has to sell his child to get some money to keep the rest of the family going. This reflects on the state of working class people of that time. â€Å"When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue.† The boy is sold so young that it has not even developed the ability to speak properly; in the poem he â€Å"Could scarcely cry â€Å"weep! weep! weep! weep!† The boy could be crying in this passage or he could be trying to say the word sweep but is unable because of his age. This is clever by Blake because the passage has a double meaning; this carries on throughout the poem. The effect of the first stanza is to bring the reader into perspective of what lengths of desperation the families go to, to earn a small amount of money. In the second stanza the audience is introduced to Tom Dacre, his hair is shaved off and Tom is very upset about this. Blake feels very strongly about the dehumanisation of people and shows this in his poems. Blake compares Tom to a lamb because a lamb is innocent like the chimney sweeps and is also a form of sacrificial animal so it is showing there inability to have there own personality and independence. â€Å"There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head, That curl’d like a lamb’s back, was shav’d† The final part of this stanza represents the pureness of Tom Dacre. The soot represents the master sweeps trying to make him impure but the white hair represents how innocent Tom is. The effect of this stanza is to bring across the innocents of the sweeps to the audience. â€Å"Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your heads bare, You know the soot cannot spoil your white hair.† The third stanza is when Tom has a dream; in his dream he has visions of thousands of dead sweeps. The coffins of black represent a enclosed environment with dead sweeps covered in black soot. Blake involves the fact that thousands of chimney sweepers died to once again show the audience what really goes on. â€Å"That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, & Jack, Were all of them lock’d up in coffins of black.† In Stanza four Tom Dacre is still in his dream and an Angel comes to set him free, this represents the chimney sweeps being liberated from their life of peril. â€Å"And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he open’d the coffins & set them all free† Then Blake goes on in the conclusion of this stanza to contrast there life when they are trapped being made to go up chimneys, to being let to run free and be there own boss. It is everything they can not do when working as a chimney sweeper. Blake mentions that they wash in the river, this symbolises that they have left that dark past behind them and are moving on. This stanza has a light hearted mood and shows everything that the chimney sweepers can not have. In the fifth stanza Blake brings his feelings about the church through. The unfairness and manipulative abilities the church is shown in this stanza. â€Å"And the Angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for his father, & never want joy.† This means basically that if you do not sin you get to go to heaven. The angel represents the heartless church who manipulate through fear. This is what Blake is strongly against. In the final stanza of the first poem the boys go back to work after Tom wakes and have to work in poor conditions. â€Å"And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark, And got with our bags & our brushes to work.† In the end of the last stanza Blake makes it seems as if it has finished on a high note, however Blake doesn’t believe in this naive belief. â€Å"So if they do all their duty, they need not fear harm.† That was the first of the two chimney sweeper poems, throughout this poem Blake says one thing but if you look deeper into it, it has a much deeper sinister meaning. The second chimney sweeper poem is from the Songs of Experience this poem has a different angle that the first poem. Stanza one, The Chimney Sweeper 2 begins like this; â€Å"A little black thing among the snow, Crying â€Å"weep! ‘weep!† in notes of woe! â€Å"Where are thy father & mother? Say†Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"They are both gone up to church to pray.† Blake represents the chimney sweeper in the first part, calling it â€Å"A little black thing among the snow,† To Blake the â€Å"black† represents the sweep all dirty and tainted. And calling it a â€Å"thing† dehumanizes the sweep. Blake wrote, â€Å"A little black thing among the snow† because the chimney sweeper is tainting society which is the white snow. Blake uses the same words from The Chimney Sweeper 1, in this poem for the same effect, to show the young boy upset, confused. â€Å"Crying â€Å"weep! ‘weep!†Ã¢â‚¬  At this point in the poem the audience can not tell who is speaking. I believe it is the poor people; they are represented as chimney sweepers. The chimney sweeper is lost in society, represented by the snow. The government which is represented by the chimney sweeper’s parents is ignorant to reality. Blake has used the situation in the poem to express his feelings about politics of that time. â€Å"Because I was happy upon the heath. And smil’d among the winters snow, The boy in the second poem has had more experience chimney sweeping and has come to terms that there is nothing he can do about it. He puts on a brave face and gets on with it, when compared to Tom Dacre in Chimney Sweeper 1 he doesn’t have the naivety that Tom had. Once again I think Blake had another meaning that poor people represented as the chimney sweep are happy and they smile in society. â€Å"They cloth’d me in the clothes of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe.† The parents of the chimney sweeper in this poem clothed there son and sentenced him to death when they decided to sell him to a master sweep. They made the boy cry when he had to leave and now he is alone and knows it. I think that Blake had another deeper meaning. I think the chimney sweeper represented poor people, they got clothed in the clothes of death by the chimney sweepers parents represented as the government. In the final stanza Blake goes on the attack at the church and the government he does this by provoking anger towards them through the unfairness of it all. â€Å"And because I am happy & dance and sing, They think they have done me no injury, In these lines Blake is how the chimney sweeper feels after his ordeal, putting on the front everything is ok when it is not. Going deeper into what Blake is trying to bring across is representation that the chimney sweep is the poor people again. The final two lines Blake attacks the church and the government, the chimney sweep is wise and is experienced and realises that the church and government exploit the poor so that they can make their own heaven out of the money from the society. And we gone to praise God & his Priest and King, Who make up a heaven of our misery†