The introduction of new technological advanced innovations...

The introduction of new technological advanced innovations and methods during the Market Revolution changed the means of production and transportation for the future, creating an easily accessible, interconnected world. As people rejoice over the positive outcomes due to the spread of ideas, goods, and services, many neglect the detrimental results. Due to modern mechanism of transportation and production, ideas, goods and services arent the only things transported across national borders. Human trafficking, the transportation of people across international borders, increased tremendously after the Market Revolution and continues to be a dominant issue in present day. Although some people cross borders in search of a better life, an†¦show more content†¦However, limited types of jobs are offered to uneducated and unskilled women. According to Lillian Robinson in her journal about the limited job market for women that increase the employment in the sex industry, â€Å"†¦all available jobs share the drawbacks of long hours, hard work in unsafe conditions, an absence of collective bargaining, fringe benefits, and protective legislation and little hope for advancement through workplace training or seniority† (Robinson, 56). Robinson explains that the most common types of job offered are domestic servants, factory or restaurant workers, and prostitution and due to gender inequality, employers offer employment for women with lower wages for strenuous hours in unsafe working conditions, thus copious women choose prostitution with the desire of earning more money to send home and having more control of their work in certain aspects. Furthermore, some women have no choice because many cultures value males more than females, thus daughters are more likely to be sold. Families often sell their daughter(s) to recruiters in exchange for a sum of money. While some women are able to buy themselves out of prostitution after working a certain amount of yea rs, many remain in the sex industry. As the sex industry becomes more prominent in society, copious individuals urge the government to take actions. These people argued for the total prohibition of prostitution with strict regulations against those participating in either the act ofShow MoreRelatedProstitution : Prostitution And Prostitution1169 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is illegal in the United States, except for some counties in Nevada. However, prostitution is in most part of the United States, despite the fact that it has been legalized. Prostitution is an act whereby, one sells his/her body for sex. In the United States, Prostitution is divided into three broad categories; street, escort, and brothel prostitution. Brothel prostitution takes place in brothel houses, which are houses where prostitutes can sell sexual services. This kind of prostitutionRead MoreThe Legalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution858 Words   |  4 Pagesthe decriminalization of prostitution helps, there will still be a heavy demand for it. One of the biggest industries in the world has it entrapped, which is the sex based human trafficking. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking generates around $150 Billion per year. And Two-thirds of this money ($99billion) comes from commercial sex exploitation. But at the same time there is in fact evidence out there, that displays legalizing prostitution reduces sex traffickingRead MoreProstitution And The Act Of Prostitution1401 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"world’s oldest profession,† also known as prostitution, is considered a grey area in morality (Thiroux). Prostitution is defined as selling oneself or one’s talents for base purpose (Agnes). Contrary to popular belief, there are plenty of arguments for prostitution and the act of prostitution becoming legal. Coinciding with popular belief, there are more arguments against the act of prostitution being legalized. While some con sider the act of prostitution to be an immoral act others will considerRead MoreProstitution : The Crime Of Prostitution1671 Words   |  7 PagesBefore conducting extensive research on the crime of prostitution I wrote down several different explanations that I believe explain why women participate in prostitution. Women participate in the act of prostitution for many reasons. First and foremost prostitution is known to be a very lucrative business, similar to the porn industry and stripping industry. Therefore, women participate in prostitution to make large amounts of money; in prostitution (like in any other profession) money is always theRead MoreProstitution : The Issue Of Prostitution1401 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution â€Å"There is no clear boundary† between voluntary and involuntary prostitution says Janice Raymond of the University of Massachusetts.(341) Prostitution as the society knows the women that sell themselves on the street as, is presented as a debate around the world, whether it be legalized or not. In the article â€Å"Decriminalizing Prostitution† Sarah Glazer reports on the views people have towards prostitution in their cities. Many people have different opinions on this debate such asRead MoreThe Legalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution2217 Words   |  9 PagesI find the legalization of prostitution important because it seems as if gender stereotypes, that are mostly taught to us through different social roles, play a role in the reason that prostitution is not legal- seeing that most prostitutes are women. I agree that prostitution should become legalized for a multitude of reasons, such as, helping bring down the percentage of sexual harassment, being abl e to be protected by the police, and being able to make a legitimate living- by doing what they wouldRead MoreProstitution Article On Prostitution Laws1640 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution Laws in Canada Karlene Wright November 19, 2014 Prostitution Laws in Canada Introduction Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada showsRead MoreProstitution And The Law : Prostitution2362 Words   |  10 PagesProstitution and the Law Prostitution, also known as commercial sex or solicitation, is the business of preforming sexual activities in exchange for monetary compensation. Prostitution can be seen in many different outlets, from brothels and streetwalkers, to top of the line escort or call-girl services. Prostitution laws make it a crime to suggest, consent, or participate in a sexual act for the benefit of receiving payment (FindLaw, 2016). Prostitution is one of the first known female occupationsRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitu tion is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Prostitution Prostitution law varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. Prostitution or sex work is legal in some parts of the world and regarded as a profession, while in other parts it is a crime punishable by death. In many jurisdictions prostitution is illegal. In other places prostitution itself is legal, but surrounding activities are illegal. In other jurisdictions prostitution is legal and regulated. In most jurisdictions which

Psychology and Geology - 965 Words

Psychology is the study of the mind and the behavior of mammals. Geology is a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life, recorded in rocks. The earth is consistently moving its tectonic plates. Therefore, there may be over 100 earthquakes a day; most of these earthquakes go unnoticed by humans on the crust of the earth. Other earthquakes for example, the one in 2011 located in Japan and the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 (Earth- Marshak). Unfortunately, many people died in horrific ways during these deadly earthquakes, leaving thousands diagnosed with psychological disorders such as, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Specific Phobias directly related to the natural environment of the earth. Having a specific†¦show more content†¦Four areas in Oakland and San Francisco were entirely destroyed including Los Gatos, Santa Cruz, and Watsonville. This earthquake caused 63 deaths, 3,757 injuries and over $8 billion in property damage. The Loma Prieta eart hquake’s epicenter was in the forest of Nisene Marks State Park, which is about 7 kilometers south of the Loma Prieta Mountains. There were 92 centimeters of displacement near the San Andres fault and only 2 centimeters of right lateral displacement in the Corralitos area. Some of the traumatic events that occurred during this earthquake were fires, that people burned alive in, falling building, that fell onto homes and loved ones, and various other devastating accidents. The next earthquake that will be discussed took place on March 11th in 2011. In Japan, not only was there a disastrous earthquake of an. 8.9 magnitude but a mortifying tsunami. Due to the earthquakes epicenter being located off shore this caused the shoreline to retract back out to sea and then pound back to the shoreline. Unfortunately, tsunamis are not easy to prepare for, the size in which they can occur is only known once it is in full motion. This tsunami took buildings out to sea, along with peop le, cars, and various other seemingly permanent objects. When all of the commotion was over, the Japanese still had to endure more than 100 after shocks while trying to find missing family members and friends. No ne couldShow MoreRelatedMy Favorite Time Of The Year1266 Words   |  6 Pagesfavorite time of the year was coming to an end, as I had to say goodbye to those worry-free, beach-bum summer days. Summer had passed before my eyes and it was now the start of my sophomore year in college. I was enrolled in a couple psychology classes for my major and a Geology class that would count towards my GE. The semester before was not the best, as it had a negative impact on my grade point average. So here I am again, another semester hoping the same thing does not happen again. I wake up, goRead MoreSocial and Natural Sciences Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesmixing the solution and placing nails in it. Experiments are generally applicable to most of the natural sciences, including biology and physics. On the other hand, some natural sciences such as geology and certain areas of geography require naturalistic observation to create or justify knowledge. In geology, if one desires to obtain knowledge on glacier origins, he must physically observe the progressive formation of the glacier. This is a perfect example in which action is not applicable in the naturalRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Paper Robyn A. Cole August 13, 2012 PSY 460 Edward A. Muhammad, M.S. Environmental Psychology For more than the past ten years, the field of psychology has covered drawn out analysis and delved into the correlation among human beings and the environment. Clayton and Myers state that, â€Å"Recent quantitative assessments of the human impact on nature give a sobering picture: the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that about 60% of the earth’s ecosystem Read MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Phenomenon And A Collector Of Specimen Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesformed in Darwin’s book â€Å"On the Origin of Species† in 1859. Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology. The process of natural selection can be â€Å"microevolution† or â€Å"macroevolution.† Darwin also showed that somehow all the species are somewhat connected. Basically Darwin was proving that life on Earth simply the resultRead MoreCommon Criticisms in Psychology Paper1486 Words   |  6 PagesCommon Criticisms in Psychology Paper University of Phoenix August 9, 2009 Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper The artificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientificRead MoreCharles Robert Darwin and his Revolutionary Ideas1111 Words   |  5 Pagesracism and classism, stating that individuals on the fringes of society must be there because they are literally an inferior subspecies of the human race. Darwin was also quite influential in the fields of: â€Å"geology, zoology, taxonomy, botany, paleontology, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, literature, and theology† (Darwin-online.org). Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection was so influential in these fields that it is called â€Å"the unifying theory of life sciences† because it helped others identifyRead MoreGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and1400 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves the understanding of thermodynamics in physics, carbon cycle in chemistry, effects of climatic changes on biosphere and carbon cycle in biology, and invariably, geology. The controversy regarding climate change can best be understood by studying elements of politics, international relations, business studies, and psychology involved in the phenomenon. The Mechanism of Global Warming The sun is the major source of energy to the earth. The energy generated from the tidal warming by the moonRead MoreScience Throughout the Ages912 Words   |  4 Pagesnations/states. The scientific revolution marked the separation of science into two main categories: Natural sciences and Social sciences. The natural sciences include physics, geology, chemistry, Astronomy, Biology, and Ecology as examples. The social sciences include Political science, Linguistics, Economics, Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology. The natural sciences are the sciences that seek to answer the rules that govern the natural world through scientific methods. The social sciences applyRead MorePsychology in Greek Philosophy, Paragraphs1403 Words   |  6 PagesParagraph 1 Many people have contributed to the filed of psychology. Three whom I believe made significant impacts are Socrates, Aristotle and Rene Descartes. In the following section, I will briefly discuss a bit about each individual, and then talk about which of the four archetypes they each fall under based on the information presented. Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who devoted his life and work to searching for moral good, virtue, and justice. He developed a methodRead MoreCharles Darwin : Explaining Emotion Through Evolution1526 Words   |  7 Pages As most of us know, Charles Darwin is known as the father of the theory of evolution. Darwin not only advanced our understanding of nature in the fields of science and biology, he also made a huge contribution to the field of psychology in his book entitled â€Å"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals†. In it he argued that organisms develop the ability to express emotion as an adaptation to enhance their skills at surviving (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2014). In essence

Analysis of Market Sector and Analysis of Business Plan Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Market Sector and Analysis of Business Plan. Answer: Banking Product Alignment of Business Busysim hardware is a financial services offering company that intends to offer several financial products and services to its entire target market segment. The target market of the company can facilitate the manager of the company in determining the best suitable marketing mix in serving the target market segment (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). The company will target its present consumers from personal banking, personal finance services and assets and investments. Busysim hardware can amalgamate its customer base at the time of amplification of the revenue from within the present consumers through greatly targeting the consumers those intend to spend on the card rather than hunting for new prospects. The target consumers of the company is intended to exist within middle to high range income segments as the products offered by the company is supposed to be moderately priced (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). The company segments its target market relied on demographic and psyc hographic such as social class, age, occupation. In targeting its consumer segments within Australia, Busysim Hardware Company intends to support its important consumer groups that includes increasing number of globally minded, group of educated individuals internationally minded along with ambitious people from the middle market those consider valuing efficiency, simplicity and time (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). The target consumers are also intended to be forward-looking and self-directed people those consider gaining access to broad along with practical knowledge and advice from a trusted partner to enhance their way to financial independence. To offer its consumers with range of financial planning resources that encompasses a team of accredited and trained financial planners. Target consumers of Busysim Hardware Company have a comprehensive selection of insurance, investment along with retirement savings products with exclusive offers. Banking and Financial Products Package Development Based on the needs and preferences of the target consumers of Busysim Hardware Company, it has considered developing several banking and financial products packages for addressing the needs of its target consumers. The financial services company includes several types of products for all its target consumers with distinct needs and wants (Law Robson, 2014). The company also considers offering financial services to all its consumers tat includes offering investment advice particularly for the stocks. Several types of credit card are offered by the company that includes classic, gold, platinum and premium credit cards. Through the credit cards offered by the company, the target consumers will be able to maintain the balance transfer that can facilitate them to transfer several dues of outstanding credit cards for the repayment at decreased interest rates. Moreover, the credit cards come with the facility of Loan on Phone because of converting certain purchase into easy instalments. Busysim Hardware Company will also have associations with CPP Assistance Services Private Limited for safeguarding the interest in case of card loss, related fraud (Mariotti Glackin, 2014). This card protects from the loss of vital cards and important documents that includes other debit, credit, membership, and ATM and loyalty cards. Moreover, the role shoppers can additionally apply within three additional credit cards for their siblings, children, spouse and parents. Certain other financial products that Busysim hardware company intends to offer includes refund application loans, debt collection, mortgage loan modification services, used car loans along with payday loans. Communication Channels and Campaign Busysim Hardware Company centres on maintaining sound communication with the customer along with implementing direct marketing strategies. The company considers advertising its credit cards by means of several marketing channels such as telemarketing and e-mail, hoardings, brochures, trade magazine advertisement and co-branding (Mills Haines, 2015). The company also considers generating a positive image of its offered financial products in order to make sure word-of-mouth strategy is effective for the product. The credit cards and several small business loans will be marketed trough co-branding with several business partners in form of coupons and discounts for the present cardholders (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). Busysim Hardware Companys strategy to offer several types of products expands the companys market horizons and also entertains convenience and effective communications. The company considers e-mail marketing as an important aspect of their total marketing mix that facilitates them to communicate in a better manner with all its target consumers in a targeted manner (Mariotti Glackin, 2014). The company also promotes that its financial services that includes short term loans and credit cards needs a pass code on manual swipes such as it ensures secure payment for the online purchases. Mechanisms to Monitor Suitability of Products Busysim Hardware Company can consider selling tangible consumer financial products those are obligated to monitor the financial products safety after they are sold to the target customers. For the investors, understanding and knowledge also has a vital role in the suitability of the financial products (Mariotti Glackin, 2014). The investors must be waiting of the risk understanding of the securities risk in their portfolios. The suitability of the financial products offered to the consumers can be monitored if the financial products help them in making informed. Moreover, suitability of the financial products can also be monitored through observing whether the target consumers are making effective choices through understanding the features of all its financial products, whether it is suitable for their personal purpose, financial products risk and price along with the interest conflicts associating the provider. Suitability of the financial services can be understood as the requirement in order to determine if the financial services have certain matching attributes based on the requirements of the consumers (Law Robson, 2014). Consumer suitability of the financial products can be monitored through analysing the financial services financial strength along with claiming paying ability, pricing stability, cost competitiveness, cash value liquidity along with historical performance of the assets invested within the policy cash values. Staff Briefing Plan for Tailored Product The staff of Busysim Hardware Company will include the founders of the company along with certain personnel associated with offering financial services to the target consumers (Law Robson, 2014). The personnel that will be include staff such as: Company research, sales and development of markers will be conducted by the founders of the business Personnel will be appointed that will be responsible for sales, account management, accounting and finance and marketing Research assistant will be appointed for assisting the founders on their reassert Bookkeepers will be responsible for handling the everyday accounts receivables along with payable duties Administrative assistant will be responsible for assorting odd and ends Accounts manager will be responsible for offering consumer support for their investment accounts Banking Product Alignment of Segment: Business Segmentation Based on Certain Variables Computershare is a financial services offering organization that means to offer a few financial items and administrations to its whole target market segment. The target market of the organization can encourage the manager of the organization in deciding the best appropriate marketing mix in serving the target market segment (Law Robson, 2014). The organization will focus on its present consumers from individual banking, individual finance services and assets and investments. Computershare can amalgamate its consumer base at the time of intensification of the income from inside the present purchasers through incredibly focusing on the customers that plan to spend on the card as opposed to chasing for new consumers. Demographic variables- The target consumers of the organization is proposed to exist within middle to high income sections as the items offered by the organization should be reasonably priced. The company will operate within retail industry and will be positioned as small company that needs findings from the financial service company (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). In targeting its shopper sections inside Australia Computershare organization plans to bolster its vital customer groups that incorporates expanding number of internationally minded, gathering of educated people along with ambitious individuals from the middle market those consider valuing effectiveness, straightforwardness and time. Operating Variables- the target consumers are additionally proposed to be forward-looking and self-guided individuals, those consider accessing wide alongside useful information and practical knowledge in accomplice to upgrade their approach to monetary freedom. To offer its consumers with scope of monetary arranging assets that includes a group of authorized and prepared financial planners (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). Target buyers of Busysim equipment organization have an exhaustive choice of insurance, investment alongside retirement funds products with selective offers. Banking and Financial Products Package Development In view of the necessities and inclinations of the target customers of Computershare organization, it has considered building up a few banking and financial products portfolios for tending to the requirements of its target consumers (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). The financial services organization incorporates a few sorts of items for all its target customers with particular needs and needs. The organization likewise considers offering financial services to every one of its customers that includes offering investment advice especially for the stocks. A few sorts of Visa are offered by the organization that incorporates classic, gold, platinum and premium MasterCards. Through the Visas offered by the organization, the target consumers will have the capacity to maintain the balance exchange that can facilitate them to transfer several duties of exceptional credit cards for the reimbursement at diminished loan fees (Mills Haines, 2015). Additionally, the MasterCards accompanies the office of "loan on Phone" as a result of changing over certain buy into simple instalments. Computershare organization will likewise have affiliations with CPP Assistance Services Private Limited for defending the enthusiasm for instance of card loss, related fraud. This card protects from the loss of essential cards and vital documents that incorporates other debit, credit, membership, and ATM and loyalty cards (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). Besides, the target customers can also apply inside three extra loan amounts for their new business or business expansion decisions. Certain other financial items that Computershare organization expects to offer incorporates discount application loans, debt accumulation, mortgage loan modification services, utilized auto loans alongside payday loans for small businesses (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). Monitoring Campaign and Performance Indicators for Ensuring Small Business Engagement Computershare organization can consider selling substantial consumer financial items those are committed to screen the financial items wellbeing after they are sold to the target clients. For the investors, comprehension and information additionally has an imperative part in the suitability of the financial products. The investors must be awaited of the risk comprehension of the securities chance in their portfolios (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). The appropriateness of the financial items offered to the consumers can be checked if the financial items help them in making informed. In addition, suitability of the financial items can likewise be checked through observing whether the target consumers are settling on successful decisions through understanding the elements of all its monetary items, whether it is reasonable for their own motivation, financial item's risk and cost alongside the interest conflict with the supplier (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). Suitability of the financial services can be comprehended as the necessity in order to decide whether the monetary administrations have certain coordinating attributes in light of the prerequisites of the buyers (Mills Haines, 2015). Consumer suitability of the financial items can be checked through examining the financial services, financial quality alongside asserting paying capacity, evaluating dependability, cost aggressiveness; cash esteem liquidity alongside historical performance of the assets invested inside the policy money values. Segment Information and Product Package with Communication Campaign Computershare organization focuses on keeping up sound communication with the consumers alongside using direct promoting procedures. The organization considers advertising its credit cards and small business loans by methods for a few marketing channels, for example, telemarketing and email, hoardings, leaflets, trade magazine ad and co-branding (Joshi, Bhatia, Raikar Pall, 2017). The organization additionally considers creating a positive image of its offered financial products and services keeping in mind the end goal to ensure mouth-to-mouth strategy are powerful for the item. The credit cards and a few private business loans will be promoted trough co-branding with a few business partners in type of coupons and rebates for the present cardholders. Computershare organization's technique to offer a few sorts of items extends the organization's market skylines and furthermore entertains accommodation and viable communications. The organization considers email advertising as an essential part of their total marketing strategy that encourages them to impart in a superior way with all its target consumers in a focused way (Coffee Jr, Sale Henderson, 2015). The organization additionally promotes that its financial services that includes short-term loans and credit cards needs a password on manual swipes, for example, it guarantees secure instalment for the online buys. References Coffee Jr, J. C., Sale, H., Henderson, M. T. (2015). Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Joshi, S., Bhatia, S., Raikar, K., Pall, H. (2017). Customer experience and associated customer behaviour in end user devices and technologies (smartphones, mobile internet, mobile financial services).International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking,10(1-2), 118-126. Law, M. D., Robson, G. (2014). A Case Study For Accounting Information Systems-A Business Continuity Plan For Protecting Critical Financial Information In The NYC Financial Services Industry.The Review of Business Information Systems (Online),18(1), 15. Mariotti, S., Glackin, C. (2014).Entrepreneurship and small business management. Pearson Higher Ed. Mills, A., Haines, P. (2015).Essential strategies for financial services compliance. John Wiley Sons.

Unemployment in New Jersey

Introduction New Jersey is a state in America that boarders New York and Philadelphia. Economic situation of New Jersey is essential to world’s economy. Labor force is integral to economic situation of New Jersey. In this regard, employment and levels of unemployment should be monitored so as to ensure that economy is stable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in New Jersey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay will focus on outlining trends of labor force in New Jersey over the last one year. Focus will be on changes recorded from October 2012 to October 2013, in relation to labor force. Factors that affect participation rate in labor will be highlighted. Age and ethnicity will be considered in process of comprehending trends of labor force in New Jersey. A comprehensive summary of findings will be made, so as to provide a valid conclusion on the situation of labor force in New Jersey. Geog raphically, New Jersey is the fourth smallest but eleventh state in terms of population size. Economically, it is third richest state in America. According to population estimates by United States Census Bureau in 2012, New Jersey had 8,864,590 residents. Population of the state had increased by 0.8% from estimates done in 2010. In 2010, the state had 8,791,894 residents. Ethnic categories in New Jersey comprise of 68.6% White Americans, 13.7% African Americans, 0.3% Native Americans, 8.3% Asian Americans, 6.4% other races and 2.7% Multiracial Americans. Latinos constitute 17.7% of the population, while Non-Hispanic Whites are 58.9% of the population. According to US Bureau of Labor Statics, there has been a rise of 204,000 people in nonfarm employment in October, 2013. The unemployment rate is at 7.3%. There has been a notable increment of employment in trade, technical services, health, manufacturing, and hospitality sectors. Out of the total population11.3 million people living i n New Jersey were unemployed by October 2013. There was an increase in number of temporal layoffs, as evidenced by an alarming figure of 448,000 people. Teenagers were the most affected by unemployment as they constituted 22.2% of unemployed population. Adult men accounted for 7% of unemployed population while women constituted 6.4%. Whites accounted for 6.3% of unemployed population while Hispanics constituted 6.8%. 13.1% of those who were unemployed were Blacks. Asians accounted for 5.2% of the unemployed population in New Jersey. More Whites are in white collar jobs, while most Blacks engage in manual jobs. Notably, statistics have changed slightly over the past twelve months.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Long term unemployment that is defined as job lasting for less than 27 weeks, increased to 4.1 million people in New Jersey. Long term unemployed residents constitute d 36.1% of total unemployment levels. There has been a decrease of 954,000 people who are unemployed in the state over the past 12 months. There has been a decrease in labor force of civilians over the past year, as evidenced by a decrease of 720,000 in October 2013. The decrease is interpreted as a 0.4% decline from month of September. There has been a decline in overall employment of 735,000 residents of New Jersey between September and October. Percentage of employment decline from September to October is 0.3%. The decline was attributed to a drop in employment in federal government sector. The level of part time employment slightly increased to 8.1 million in October. Part time workers were those who were unable to find full time jobs or had tight schedules and had to engage in economic generating activities. Labor force accounted for 2.3 million marginal attachments that had decreased from 2.4 million in the past 12 months. Those who were marginally attached could not be consid ered as unemployed. The decline in those marginally attached can be attributed to frustrations and discouragements. There was an increase in number of people who had been discouraged to find jobs over the year, since October recorded a figure of 815,000 people who never sought for jobs. There has been a notable increase of nonfarm employment over the past twelve months. Every month accounted for 190,000 employment growth. Despite the employment increase in October, government employment assumed a downward trend. Hospitality industry employed 53,000 people in October 2013. Twelve months recorded uniform growth of 29,000 jobs in food industry. Retail trade employment growth can be averaged at 31,000 jobs over the past twelve months. However in October, the industry recorded an increment of 44,000 jobs. The unemployment rates have been stagnant over the past twelve months. Despite the fact that there are high levels of unemployment, there is a difference in the percentage constituted b y different ethnic groups. The trend of 2013 seems to be a continuity of year 2012 that was characterized by high unemployment rates. Over the past one year unemployment population has reduced from 7.9% to 7.3% in New Jersey. There has been an increment of people who are not in labor force from 88,507 in October 2012 to 91,541 in October 2013.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in New Jersey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Total number of residents in New Jersey who want a job has decreased from 6,584 in October 2012 to 6,162 in October 2013. Participation rate has decreased over the year as evidenced by 68.8% in October 2012 and 62.8% in October 2013. The percentage of those employed has also reduced as evidenced by 58.7% in October 2012 and 58.3% in October 2013. There has been a rise in the number of those employed from 143,328 in October 2012 to 143,568 in October 2013 (Shierholz 18). There has be en a decline in participation rate of men aged between 16 and 19 years, as evidenced by 70.2% in October 2012 and 69.2% in October 2013. The number of those who are unemployed has decreased, as evidenced by 8% in October 2012 and 7.6% in October 2013. There have been insignificant changes in those who are employed over the year as evidenced by 76,027 in 0ctober 2012 and 76,074 in October 2013. The participation rate of men who are aged above 20 years has also decreased from 73% in October 2012 to 71.9% in October 2013. There has been insignificant change in this category of men who are employed over the past twelve months. Unemployment rate has dropped from 7.9% in October 2012 to 7.3% in October 2013. Participation rate of women aged between 16 and 19 years has dropped from 57.7% in October 2012 to 56. 9% in October 2013. Unemployment ratio reduced from 53.3% in October 2012 to 53% in October 2013. Unemployment rates of this category of women have dropped from 7.7% in October 2012 to 6.9% in October 2013. Participation rates of women who were above 20 years have declined from 59.4% in October 2012 to 58.5% in October 2013. Unemployment rate of these women have declined from 7.2 % in October 2012 to 6.4% in October 2013. There has been a decline of unemployment in non agricultural sector as evidenced by 7.5% in October 2012 and 7% in October 2013. The government sector has recorded increased unemployment levels over the last twelve months, as evidenced by 4.2% in October 2012 and 4.4% in October 2013. Similarly, agriculture sector has also recorded an increase in number of unemployed people as evidenced by 9.5% in October 2012 and 10.7% in October 2013. Unemployment in white collar jobs has decreased over the years, as evidenced by 8.1% in October 2012 and 7.5% in October 2013. Despite the fact that percentages may indicate that white collar sector is reducing the unemployment levels more than manual jobs, actual figure of unemployment is highest in white coll ar jobs. For instance, unemployment of white collar jobs is at 1,208 while that in agricultural sector is at 163 (Bivens and Fieldhouse 15).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary From above findings, there have been slight changes in the situation of labor force in New Jersey. Men are the most significant contributors to labor force in New Jersey. Despite the fact that there is a difference between participation rate of men aged between 16 and 19 years and those above 20 years, they collectively participate more in labor force than women. Variance between men and women in contribution to labor can be attributed to social as well as biological factors. For instance, women are expected to engage in many activities that are defined by the society, while men engage in income generating activities holistically. There is a variance between the participation rate of teens and adults. Despite the gender, adults participate more in labor force than teenagers. Low participation from teenagers can be attributed to the fact that most employers prefer experienced individuals to inexperienced ones. In this regard, adults have more work experience than teenagers he nce participate more in labor market. High unemployment rates of Black Americans can be attributed to social structures like racism that render the race vulnerable to exploitation and poor living conditions, including unemployment. Whites constitute lowest percentage of unemployment in New Jersey. Notably, most employees in white collar jobs are Whites. There are more Blacks in manual jobs than Whites and Asians. Percentage of Whites who are unemployed is higher than unemployed Whites. It should be noted that, Whites are the majority and representation of a percentage figure does not mean that there are more Asians employed than Whites (Algernon 12). Conclusion Labor is integral to economic situation of any region. Policies should focus on reducing levels of unemployment as much as possible, so as to maximize on the economic growth. Unemployment trends in New Jersey have not changed significantly over the past twelve months. Despite the fact that high unemployment levels can be attr ibuted to recession in 2009, necessary strategies should be adopted so as to remedy the situation. Unemployment in New Jersey assumes ethnic and age patterns. Generally, Whites, Latinos, and Blacks are still in employment crises in New Jersey. Focus should be on creation of more jobs and narrowing the gap between races. Collective approach in solving issue of unemployment is likely to increase levels of employment even more. More specific solutions that reduce percentage of unemployment of Blacks and Latinos should also be adopted. The effects of unemployment are devastating to victims and concerned region as well. Despite the fact that New Jersey has a stable economy, high unemployment is also evident. Works Cited Algernon, Austin. â€Å"Infrastructure Investments and Latino and African American Job Creation.† Economic Policy Institute Issue Brief. 352.1 (2013): 20-52. Bivens, Josh, and Andrew Fieldhouse. â€Å"When and What Kind of Deficit Reduction Matters Most: The Dange r of Aggressive 10-year Deficit Targets in the Current Budget Debate.† Working Economics. 3.2 (2013): 5-20. Web. Shierholz, Heidi. â€Å"Status Quo Is Not Good Enough.† Economic Policy Institute Economic Indicators. 16.1 (2013): 10-20. Web. Appendix Level of unemployment in New Jersey over the last twelve months. This essay on Unemployment in New Jersey was written and submitted by user Dylan George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Postmodernism Literature Stylistic Techniques Flashcard

Postmodernism Literature Stylistic Techniques

Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM

Witte’s Extended Parallel Processing Model addresses the effectiveness of fear appeals and the subsequent reactions people have to these certain messages. A fear appeal is effective if it successfully generates the emotion of fear within a person. Not all fear appeals are successful, however. Some contain too great a threat, and some contain too little threat. These appeals can be simple threats from a friend or teacher or a commercial, television or magazine ad. The effectiveness of a fear appeal is greater if one perceives that they are directly susceptible to the perceived threat. With the recent rise in the use of the drug ecstasy among young adults, this original commercial would be effective in generating fear within this group of people. A group of teenagers are getting ready to go out to what appears to be a club. The scenes flash back and forth to different girls putting on makeup and skimpy clothes. It is apparent that they are preparing to go to a rave. One of the girls smiles and takes out a plastic bag with a number of white pills in it. All of the other girls gather around her while the holder of the pills allots each girl 2 pills. They all take them willingly and smile. The next scene shows the girls dancing and having a good time at a club. The lights are intense and the crowd keeps thickening. Suddenly, the camera zooms in on one of the girls and starts spinning circles around her, illustrating that she is dizzy and loosing consciousness. Her feeble attempts to grab her friends for help are brushed off. She falls on the ground and is s wallowed up by dancing ravers. The camera focuses in on the girl being trampled underneath the shoes of the other club patrons. Despite her attempts to get someone’s attention, she is not heard. The camera fades to black although the music and laughter can still be heard. The next scene shows the girl on the ground, completely disheveled and unconscious. Black ... Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM Witte’s Extended Parallel Processing Model addresses the effectiveness of fear appeals and the subsequent reactions people have to these certain messages. A fear appeal is effective if it successfully generates the emotion of fear within a person. Not all fear appeals are successful, however. Some contain too great a threat, and some contain too little threat. These appeals can be simple threats from a friend or teacher or a commercial, television or magazine ad. The effectiveness of a fear appeal is greater if one perceives that they are directly susceptible to the perceived threat. With the recent rise in the use of the drug ecstasy among young adults, this original commercial would be effective in generating fear within this group of people. A group of teenagers are getting ready to go out to what appears to be a club. The scenes flash back and forth to different girls putting on makeup and skimpy clothes. It is apparent that they are preparing to go to a rave. One of the girls smiles and takes out a plastic bag with a number of white pills in it. All of the other girls gather around her while the holder of the pills allots each girl 2 pills. They all take them willingly and smile. The next scene shows the girls dancing and having a good time at a club. The lights are intense and the crowd keeps thickening. Suddenly, the camera zooms in on one of the girls and starts spinning circles around her, illustrating that she is dizzy and loosing consciousness. Her feeble attempts to grab her friends for help are brushed off. She falls on the ground and is s wallowed up by dancing ravers. The camera focuses in on the girl being trampled underneath the shoes of the other club patrons. Despite her attempts to get someone’s attention, she is not heard. The camera fades to black although the music and laughter can still be heard. The next scene shows the girl on the ground, completely disheveled and unconscious. Black ...

Design, Technology and Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Design, Technology and Literacy - Essay Example As Fritz and King (1994) suggested, art forms such as visual art, media, movement, music, drama and literature provided powerful ways of capturing and conveying individual as well as collective experience. By understanding how arts reflect, challenge and shape values and beliefs of a society and their variation over time and cultures make learners appreciate and enjoy an enhancing personal and social experience (Fritz & King, 1994). This essay and activity shall explore my ability to create design out of various contexts: through inspiration of classic children stories, food and nutrition for children, and graphic communication using symbols. It will be coupled with the actual products and its development process as explained in this essay. Our environment is everybody else's business. Each of us must do our part, and the more we can do for our environment, the better. In design, use of so-called environmentally-friendly materials has become a necessity among corporations and firms as global regulations in trade and production dictate how firms conduct business. This may be said about the issuance of environment certificates, from production, use of raw materials, packaging, transportation as well as marketing. This helps keep our environment competitive with the daily tear and wear, pollution, and other ways that degenerate our sustainable ecosystem. It has been widely acknowledge that every new design contains new materials that complicate recycling operations so that certificate and regulations ensure that companies take back and recycle, products as well as packaging. The producer's role extends towards the users and post-users phases (Lindhquist and Lifset, 1997). The extended product responsibility (EPR) serves as a tool for the reduction of the amount of waste that originates from discarded products (Hart, 1997) while EPR refers to policy designed for integrating the environmental costs throughout the products' lifecycle now incorporated in legislation of about 40 industrialised countries (Wilck, 1997) adopted by a score of industrial branches involved in products for packaging. Mostly, packaging is made to be re-used after consumer has opened the package and start using the product. Recyclable packaging consists mainly of environmentally safe products such as cardboard, corrugated board, and also recycled variations of pap ers. In this activity incorporating design and recycling, raw materials are used packaging, particularly boxes. The following diagram constitutes the Aggregated Linear Product Process Chain: Source: Lambert et al, 2003 In consideration of this process, it is clearly understood that manufacturing includes the environment-conscious design embracing design, synthesis, processing, and use of products either in continuous or discrete industries (Zhang et al, 1997). Integrating Technology from Fairy Tales Fairy tales has primary themes to provide and integrate with technology. The application and development of technology programs will have an important role in generating ideas, integrating theory and practice, and

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Management - Essay Example Also his duty is to prioritize things, lead towards actions and behaviors and assign tasks and duties. Management is important to individuals because it teaches them to conduct their own selves in accordance with set codes and procedures. It also asks of them to remain alert of the changes that are happening around them. Management is important as it ascertains their willingness towards different tasks and roles that are assigned upon them. Management is an art that is governed by only those people who make the best use of this skill in order to get the particular job done through their actions, behaviors and decisions. These undertakings are carried out by the people who work under the manager. Management is a very comprehensive aspect that entails within it scheduling tasks, prioritizing responsibilities and assigning individual duties. The four functions of management are related as they come about in a particular sequence. Planning is the foremost function without which no management activity can come about. Organizing makes sure that whatever has been planned comes into a solid basis. Controlling takes care of the responsibilities and delegated duties upon the individuals, and lastly leading is a comprehensive duty that rests solely with the manager who is indeed the man in charge. Managers have quite a few resources that are available at their disposal. They have teams working under them. Also the financial aspects are taken care of by the managers as they prioritize things and thus look to settle problems which arise on a consistent basis. Other resources include the meeting up of organizational expenses, time management aspects and other management related concerns (Allen 1999). Resources related to production as there is a definite link between the two. If the resources are not made available, it is quite possible that the production for the sake of the organization would not come about in an easy way. Hence it is

Critical discuss empirical evidence supporting, or challenging, Essay

Critical discuss empirical evidence supporting, or challenging, Noelle-Neumann' s theory of Spiral of Silence - Essay Example In addition, the people experiencing the circumstance of the theory often fear to lose their position in the society because of their divergent views (Donsbach, Salmon and Tsfati, 2013). Secondly, persons fear of adverse isolation or reprisal in a particular group. The individuals fear that their contribution to the group might lead to a negative impact on the operations of the group. The theory further expounds that individuals have a "quasi-statistical organ" which enable them to what characters and contributions will lead to their isolation by the majority people in the group. According the theory, the closer an individual perceives the opinion held agrees to the prevailing opinion of the public, the more the likelihood of the person disclosing their opinion regarding the topic (Mutz, 1998). In this case, people in a particular group tend to embrace the opinion of the majority in the society regardless of their personal opinions about the issue. Additionally, if the opinion of the public changes regarding a particular concept, the individual realizes that their opinion does not agree with the overall opinion of the public. Consequently, they tend to minimize their contribution in various public forums in the society. The interpretations of the Theory of Spiral of Silence focus on various aspects of the society such as political, economic and religious contexts . People in the various social contexts fail to contribute to the affairs of the society because of the effects of spiral of silence (Donsbach, Salmon and Tsfati, 2013). The spiral of silence starts with an in the initial contribution by the affected person top various issues in the society. According to the principles of the Spiral of Silence, an individual experiences the effects of the concept after their first opinion fails to concur with the overall opinion of the public (Daschmann, 2000). On religious context, people fail to criticize

The Application Of Theory To Practice Social Work Essay

The Application Of Theory To Practice Social Work Essay INTRODUCTION A community Development project should be able to demonstrate the public health practice in entirety, apply the public health theories and put into practice the community development principles. One of the principles is being able to address the priority need of the community with their full participation thereby empowering them and most importantly working within the social model of health. The social model of health is a theoretical frame work which considers the health of individuals and the community as a result of complex and interacting social, economic, environmental and personal factors. (Ottewill and wall, 2003). This framework operates on the belief that improved health and wellbeing is achieved by focusing on the social and environmental determinants of health in tandem with biological and medical factors. The social model of health says that 50% of our health is determined by wider determinants such as Housing, Income and educational level which affects not only the individuals but the community as a whole (CDHN, 2009), therefore a community development approach to health attempts to work upstream, concentrating on the root cause of ill health such as poverty and educational disadvantage. Kelleher and Marshall (2002) suggested that working within the social model of health permits individuals and communities to construct their own definition of health and therefore identify important factors that influence health depending on the specific context. The conception of a community is based on the thought that how people behave and their wellbeing is influenced by their interaction with others (SCCD, 2001). An evidence based definition of a community is a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives and engage in joint action in geographical setting or location. This definition therefore qualifies the Muslim women in Glasgow North as a community. This reflective essay aims to give an explanation and in depth analysis of a non governmental Scottish charity project run by Muslim women for Muslim women in Glasgow, with a view of identifying good practice, relevance to public health practice development and the application of the theory to practice. The subject of the community placement will be referred to as the resource center through out this essay in order to protect the real names and identities of the center and its staff. The resource center handles social matters like racial harassment, bereavement, divorce cases, access to education, forced marriages, immigration matters, mental health issues, relationship matters, housing issues and domestic Violence. For the purpose of this essay I would be focusing on Domestic Violence. This write-up will go a long way to explain and critically analyse the extent to which the protection, provision and prevention of domestic violence against women project identifies with public health practice. A brief review of the literature of domestic abuse will be discussed thereafter. I will afterwards analyse the project while discussing issues like health need assessment, health inequality, partnership planning , monitoring and evaluation as good public health practices identified in the project. I intend to finally discuss the reflection and relevance of the study while making the necessary recommendations. Domestic Violence and Public Health Domestic violence could be defined as any incident of threatening behavior, violence, or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial, and emotional) between adults who are or have been in intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality. Gender-based violence includes a host of harmful behaviours that are directed at women and girls because of their sex, including wife abuse, sexual assault, and dowry-related murder, and marital rape, selective malnourishment of female children, forced prostitution, female genital mutilation and sexual abuse of female children. Vulnerable persons or a child in the environment where they are witnessing domestic abuse are also inclusive. (Scottish Executive central research unit, 2000) The British Medical Association (2006) explained in its publication that a child who has witnessed domestic abuse has an increased risk of experiencing mental health problems in adult live. Domestic Violence is associated with Health Inequality in the society especially towards the women and children. It constitutes the male abuse of power which occurs in all social groups not caused by stress, alcohol, unemployment, mental illness or by the women (Scottish Executive central research unit, 2000) Domestic Violence is a major public health issue affecting all age, socio- economic group and all sectors of life.. it is currently being recognized by the government not just as a criminal issue but also as a public health matter(Government proposal on domestic violence, 2003).Domestic Abuse is a housing issue, human right issue, child protection issue, mental health issue and all these according to the social model of health are determinants of health. A Recent report by the triennial maternal mortality (CEMACH, 2004) showed that domestic abuse is a risk factor for maternal death and for the year 2000- 2002 eleven new mothers were murdered within six weeks of giving birth by their partners. It also increases the chances of pregnant women drinking, smoking which then affects the life of the unborn child thereby increasing the infants mortality rate. The high prevalence of Domestic Violence impacts economically on the society. Support systems are overstretched; there is increased cost of providing medical care for about 100,000 women seeking medical help due to domestic abuse. A lot of women are homeless with about 7000 women and children looking for safety shelter everyday (Seymour, 2001) Violence against women has recently been recognized by the United Nations as a fundamental abuse of womens human rights. The sensitivities and stigma associated with domestic abuse, the conceptualization of it primarily as a judicial and legal issue, and the lack of data on the dimension of the abuse have hampered understanding and the development of appropriate intervention (Lori et al, 1994) Incidence and prevalence of domestic Abuse Domestic violence accounts for between 16% and one quarter of all recorded violent crime. (Home Office,2004; Dodd et al., 2004; BCS, 1998; Dobash and Dobash, 1980). According to Stanko, (2000) an incident is reported to the police every minute. Women are much more likely than men to be the victim of multiple incidents of abuse, and of sexual violence. 45% women and 26% men had experienced at least one incident of inter-personal violence in their lifetimes(Walby and Allen, 2004), however when there were more than 4 incidents (i.e. ongoing domestic or sexual abuse) 89% of victims were women. In 2004 according to Walby and Allen(2004) there are 13 million separate incidents of physical violence or threats of violence against women from partners or former partners making an average of 2 women a week killed by a male partner or former partner and this constitutes around one-third of all female homicide victims. (Department of Health,2005.) The British Crime Survey conducted in 2000 found that women are most likely to be sexually attacked by men who are known to them. 45% of rapes reported to the survey were perpetrated by current partners. (Home Office Research Study 237, 2002). One Scottish survey found that a majority of men who said that they were victims of domestic violence, were also perpetrators of violence (13 of 22), and on being re-interviewed, a further 13 later said they had actually never experienced any form of domestic abuse. (Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 2002). On the international level consistent findings has been recorded. An analysis of 10 separate domestic violence prevalence studies by the Council of Europe showed that 1 in 4 women experience domestic violence over their lifetimes, and between 6-10% of women Suffer domestic violence in a given year. (Council of Europe, 2002).Another study done by the World Health Organisation, domestic violence was found to be widespread in all 10 countries studied, though there was considerable variation between countries, and between cities and rural areas. (Garcia-Moreno, C., et al., 2005) .Krug et al (2002) found that internationally 40% -70% of female murder victim were killed by their partner and about 4% 8% of men. Domestic violence is internationally acknowledged to be one of the major health Inequalities affecting women particularly, and forms a significant obstacle to their receiving effective health care. (World Health Organisation,1997; United Nations, 1993). Different form of abuse is been experienced by women with partner abuse (non-sexual) being the most commonly experienced type of intimate violence among both men and women. 28% of women and 17% of men reported having experienced such abuse. (Coleman et al. 2007) stalking is also was com monly experienced with 9% of women and 7% of men reported having Experienced it in the last year with obscene or threatening phone calls being the common forms. (Coleman et al 2007). Nearly half of women (48%) who had experienced intimate partner violence since the age of 16 had experienced more than one type of intimate violence. Men were less likely to have experienced multiple forms of intimate violence (33%). (Coleman et al. 2007) Serious sexual assault was most likely to be committed by someone known to the victim (89% of female and 83% of male victims). Just over half (54%) of female victims reported that a partner or ex-partner had been the offender. (Coleman et al. 2007). Women also suffer from non sexual family abuse (coleman at al.2007) Domestic violence has huge impact both physically ,psychologically, and health wise on both the women and their children A study of 200 womens experiences of domestic violence commissioned by Womens Aid, found that 60% of the women had left because they feared that they or their children would be killed by the perpetrator.(Humphreys Thiara, 2002). In the same study, 76% of separated women suffered post-separation violence, and more than half of those with post-separation child contact arrangements with an abusive ex-partner continued to have serious, ongoing problems with this contact (Humphreys and Thiara, 2002).There are a greater risk of homicide by these women at the point of separation or after leaving a violent partner. (Lees, 2000).A study showed that 42% of all female homicide victims, compared with 4% of male homicide victims, were killed by current or former partners in England and Wales in the year 2000/01. This equates to 102 women, an average of 2 women each week (Home Office, 2001). Domestic violence was found to be the single most quoted reason for becoming homeless(Cramer and Carter 2002) . Violence against women has serious consequences for their physical and mental health, and women who have experienced abuse from her partner may suffer from chronic health problems of various kinds. (Stark and Flitcraft, 1996; Williamson, 2000; British Medical Association, 1998; Crispand Stanko, 2001) Abused women are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, psychosomatic systems, eating problems and sexual dysfunction. Violence may also affect their reproductive health. (WHO,2000). 70% of incidents of domestic violence result in injury, (compared with 50% of incidents of acquaintance violence, 48% of stranger violence and 29% of mugging.) (Dodd et al., 2004) 75% of cases of domestic violence result in physical injury or mental health consequences to women. (Home Office, 2001) The cost of treating physical health of victims of domestic violence, (including hospital, GP, ambulance, prescriptions) is  £1,220,247,000, i.e. 3% of total NHS budget. (Walby, 2004) The cost of treati ng mental disorder due to domestic violence is  £176,000,000. (Walby,2004). Between 50% and 60% of women mental health service users have experienced domestic violence, and up to 20% will be experiencing current abuse. (Department of Health , 2003). Domestic violence has been identified as a prime cause of miscarriage or still-birth (Mezey, 1997), and of maternal deaths during childbirth (Lewis and Drife, 2001, 2005).Children are also hugely affected by domestic violence. At least 750,000 children a year witness domestic violence. (Department of Health, 2002). And Children who live with domestic violence are at increased risk of behavioural problems and emotional trauma, and mental health difficulties in adult life. ( Kolbo, et al., 1996; Morley and Mullender, 1994; Hester et al.,2000) Nearly three quarters of children on the at risk register live in households where domestic violence occurs and 52% of child protection cases involving domestic violence. (Department of Health , 200 2; Farmer and Owen, 1995). COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT/SUSTAINABILITY Community development means a community involvement that helps people to help themselves by encouraging them to be involved in collective activities to ultimately solve a mutual problem and aim towards achieving common goal (Gilchrist, 2007). Barr and Hashagen (2000) described community development as a agenda that comprise of processes like empowerment, learning, democracy and outcomes, backed up by good funding, staff, information, proper evaluation and dissemination. Some of the key Qualities of a good community development project as suggested by the Scottish Government (SE, 2004) are, community involvement, community learning and development; the use of knowledge, skills, strengthening and improving communities, people led development and the role of the individual partner in decision making. Improving public services and providing assess to main stream services for both the high and low socio economic class is also very important (SE, 2004). The resource center follows a commun ity development approach having the muslim women as the target community and their projects of have the above defined roles as they are all community led projects which eventually empowers the people of the community. it is service user positive and involves full participation from people of the community. they center has drop in sessions for clients during week days ,free access to computers and a resource library containing an expanding range of books, leaflets, magazines, on different topics especially on Islamic topics particularly Focused towards women. Information on services and resources in Glasgow and rest of Scotland is also available in the library. They center is managed by both staff and volunteers who give high quality service to the community and in return receive training, work experience, make New friends and often increase their confidence , skills and knowledge. The sustainability plan for mwrc appeared to rely on the sponsorship of the partner organizations for both the training and running of the organization. Gray, (2007) suggested that the potential to contribute to sustainability is by direct action and by setting good examples of practice especially in the area of accountability. The Resource center being totally a voluntary organization, receives funding from the council, Voluntary action fund, Scottish community foundation , Gannochy trust, Culture and sport Glasgow, and womens Fund for Scotland for sustainability. This sustainability arrangement is not strong as it relies on uncertain financial targets and a limited timeframe to achieve those (Gray, 2007) and could lead to the abrupt termination of projects once the funding is no more. HEALTH NEED ASSESSMENT Health need assessment offers a good take off point for a community development project in order to have targeted projects which are very beneficial to the people of the community and it also helps in preventing health inequality (Arblaster et al 1996). Billings (2002) described health need assessment as identification of factors that must be addressed in order to improve the health of the population and as suggested by Twinn et al(1990) involves the collection data to identify health need of the community and its analysis to prioritise strategies in health improvement. They Local population could be involved to discern for themselves what they consider their priority needs (Billing 2002). They involvement of the local community is commonly employed in community development projects to ensure that priority projects are carried out and also to tackle health inequality. Bidmead and Cowley(2005) also highlighted the importance of client/professional partnership towards promoting a fruitful health need assessment. In practice the theory of health need assessment was applied in the resource center which started its journey in 1997 and opened its doors to the public in April 2002. It is a Scottish charity run by women with the purpose of breaking down barriers and enabling Muslim women to participate in all aspect of society without having to compromise their belief and values. Following the health need assessment which was done through the involvement of the Muslim community, the vital needs and concern identified are Lack of knowledge of help available leading to poor take up of mainstream services by Muslim women in need, Lack of confidence that they mainstream services will be able to understand the issues affecting them and institutional discrimination preventing uptake of services, Increase in Islamophobia and fear of discrimination and harassment leading to decreasing interaction with mainstream society at all levels and most importantly Family and marriage problems. In order to address these concerns, they operate at three different levels,Working with policy makers and mainstream provider to overcome the barriers to civic participation and access to services; undertaking development work to build the confidence of Muslim women, address their issues and promote social cohesion and providing a range of direct helping services to women in a way that meets their specific needs .As highlighted by Bidmead and Cowley(2005) the services of trained volunteers were employed to further enhance the client/professional relationship thereby promoting better assessment. PARTNERSHIP Partnership is a very important concept in community development and public health as a whole as it underpins both public health policy and practice. It is an essential tool being employed to tackle the social model of health. it encourages community involvement and individual roles and helps to co-coordinate the group activity in order to avoid overlap (Warren et al 1974). El Ansari et al(2001) saw partnership as an official relationships among people who usually have same purposive goal while Hudson and Hardy(2001) identified that partnership may not only be official as it also occurs between professionals and non professionals existing either horizontally or vertically between levels(Powel and Exworthy 2002). Bidmead and Cowley(2005a) defined partnership as A Respectful ,negotiated way of working together that enables choices; participation, and equity within an honest, trusting relationship that is based in empathy, support and reciprocity. Though argued by Challis at el(1988) that partnership is word difficult to give helpful meaning in practice ,partnership could be seen as an effective relationship between clients and practitioner geared towards achieving an aim through collaboration and active involvement(Warren et al 1974). Partnership is currently been acknowledged in both government policy and practice(Scottish Executive1998;secretary of state for northern Ireland 1998;secretary of state wales 1998) as there is a limit to what an agency working alone on its own can achieve(Huxham and Macdonald 1999). Major advance in health involves improvement in all aspect of living both socially and economically(Mckeown,1976) and this is only achievable through collaborative efforts of individual, community, organizations and Government (WHO 1991). Barnes and Sullivan also argues that partnership is a major tool in tackling health inequality as it enables government resources to be appropriately and evenly distributed to both the the rich and the ethnic minority to improve health services. Davis and Fallowfield (1991) suggested that partnership improves professional contentment and reduces stress though for effectiveness aimed goals should be made clear and professional skill and knowledge upheld despite complimentary expertise of the community(Bidmead and Cowley 2005a) . Partnership though very beneficial is not without some pitfalls some of which are issues with co-ordination, joining up goals and policy, accountability and participation (Sullivan and skelcher 2002) .Douglas, (2009) feels that partnership working can leave participants confused and unclear about their role once there is lack of clear leadership, guidance and support..He also stated that infrastructure built around some individual in partnership goes down once the individuals are no more. The risks and negative aspect of partnership working include partnership overload and partnership fatigue, the potential for overdoing it; hence there should be a limit to the number that constitutes a workable partnership (Bamford et al, 2003).Baginsky (2007) feels that most partnerships lack clarity and consistency in use of eligible criteria and there is need for clarity of roles and assigning of responsibilities. Inter-organizational partnerships is been seen as the key to better partnerships(Hudson and Hardy 2002). Despite these pitfalls, development of partnership approaches is encouraged by policy makers and the Government in community development projects In Practice, there are evidences of application of theory of partnership for example in order to further achieve its aim, MWRC is actively involved in partnerships and Advisory groups to enable community cohesion, and overcome stereotypes and misunderstanding between communities. They partner with both the community, local agencies, the government and international bodies to encourage community participation and ensure that more need based projects are carried out. They issue brought up by Hudson and Hardy (2002) is also being applied by the resource center as they are involved in inter-organizational partnership. As stated by Huxham and Macdonald(1999) a lot of achievement was made by the resource center through their partnership with the Government and some local agencies. Self employment opportunity workshop was organized in partnership with and delivered by Business Gateway Glasgow aimed at sensitizing the women on the need to be self-employed to enable them to be financially dep endent. Money Advice workshops organized in partnership with Glasgow city Councils financial inclusion team provided information about financial issues with the aim of empowering women to allow them to deal with financial issues and difficulties. The participants found the workshop very informative and educating. Support was provided for the singe mothers through the Single mothers workshop organised in partnership with REED with the aim of encouraging single mothers into the work force. They Muslim and ethnic minority women were through the Steps to excellence for personal success a programme built around the core concept of the pacific institute affirmed of the right of all individuals to achieve their God given potentials and empower people through education and training to allow them to recognize their ability to choose growth ,personal freedom, and personal excellence. The effectiveness of partnership involvement and individual roles(warren at el 1974) were very evident in the practice of the resource center. Having discussed the theories of Community development projects, health need assessment and partnership with their application in practice, I would then discuss Health inequality, Monitoring and Evaluation. HEALTH INEQUALITY Health inequality has been a universal problem though Darey Smith et al (2001a) described it as inequality in health experienced by black and minority ethnic groups. Health inequality has long been associated with ethnicity and socio -economic statue(Acheson 1998:11). . The international community emphasizes the importance of tackling inequalities as a matter of urgency (WHO, 2005) Baggort(2000) described health inequality as the inequity or the inequality that are seen as being unfair. Health inequality is a major issue for public health practitioner working at the community level and efforts are made to indentify what can be done at the local level. Arblaster et al(1996) and Gillies (1998a,b) commented on the effectiveness of inter-sectorial partnership as a way of tackling health inequality. public health practitioners can facilitate partnership with relevant agencies for specific health need of the people as well as advocate for those needs (Roberts 2000).Lobbying of policy makers at all levels to influence health policies has also been seen as way of tacking health inequalities (muir Gray 2001) and the use of media has been found very effective(Chapman 2001).Advocacy and Lobbying is one of the tools employed in the resource center for example through Advocacy the provides a voice for Muslim women that contribute to the government consultations, policy, and Strategy in adult learning issues. The advocacy programmes include professional advocacy, face to face with the service user and ongoing advocacy in family issues. Also through representations in the learning link Scotland policy and Executive committee, awareness is being drawn to the needs and issues affecting Muslim women access to learning and education Roberts(2000) stated that involvement of the people of the community to identify their health need and taking action towards solution through development of healthy living projects help to tackle inequality as well as make people of the lower socio economic status and minority group have access to the health care. Patterson and Judge(2002) also suggested that referral systems in health care and home visiting are also very effective ways of reducing health inequality. In Practice, there are evidence of the huge effort made to prevent health inequality and increase the accessibility to health care by the ethnic minority especially the muslim women. Information, Advice-Free, confidential faith and culturally non judgmental information and advice on Domestic Abuse and family issues is provided primarily through drop in sessions and also by appointment. Service users initially receive assessment and help on their first visit and as encouraged by Patterson and Judge (2002) referrals are ma de with their agreement for other services in the main stream or elsewhere. The service is provided in the service user preferred language as most of the staff and volunteers are bilingual and interpreters are also available. The social model of health considers how wider determinants than the presence or absence of disease have an impact on peoples health (Dahlgren Whitehead, 1991, CDHN, 2005, Graham, 2007) hence the provision of other services to help increase the quality of life of the women. Such services are Counseling provided by trained volunteer counselors and counseling approach is used with the service users to enable them make informed decision and choices. For many women this helps them to talk through personal issues while also receiving practical help, and for majority of the clients the find this approach very appropriate. Formal counseling using person centered approach is also provided where necessary, Provision of Helpline and Help mail service to offer information, advice and a listening ear in a faith and culturally sensitive way. The Helpline operators speak English and also have available interpreters and they use various mediums to reach out to the most vulnerable and isolated Musl im women in Scotland to ensure equality in distribution of health care. They helpline staff continue to strive to work in partnership with both mainstream and private sector organization to ensure that the Muslim women are able to engage and voice out their needs in the society. They Help mail is a dedicated confidential email address available for women who would prefer the mail .its receives over 200 mails and its increasing becoming popular with agencies seeking advice and information on issues concerning Muslim women. And the Provision of friends and support to isolated, lonely and abused Muslim women who lack confidence to do things alone. A huge effort is being made to ensure that health inequality is prevented. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The input in the PPP Project, the process, impact and outcome of the programmes of they project is monitored and evaluated most especially through the response of the people regarding all the activities, workshops and seminars. Monitoring and Evaluation was a continuous process relying heavily on feedback from questionnaires. The MWRC used these questionnaires to form a framework for monitoring and evaluation. This method of evaluation is qualitative and when compared to the LEAP (Learning, Evaluation and Planning, 2008) model led by need, focused on outcomes, participation, partnership building and knowledge enhancing, it has some similarities though does not follow it completely. This form of evaluation also help to carefully monitor the projects progress while focusing on the relation between inputs, outputs and process (Hashagen and Susan,2007). This method of evaluation also enables the identification of additional outcomes as LEAP is a framework that is designed to enable posit ive planned change to be made to the needs that have been identified. It is outcome focused because the primary purpose of community lead development is to make a real, and measurable difference to the quality of personal and community lives. In practice, planning for change in response to the identified need was done and an outcome focused evaluation carried out to assess the success of the action plan. A focus on outcomes is essentially a focus on results. As Stated by the Scottish Government (2010) for the purposes of reliable evaluation, the connection between the need identified, the action taken and the outcome achieved should always be clear. Project report is also written and sent to the funders, and policy makers to show which aims and objectives that are achieved and the extent to which the achieved objectives lead to the desired outcome..A financial report is also written at the end of every year and sent to funders to show accountability and how cost effective the programmes were. Using the LEAP model of evaluation, indicators are used to measure whether outcomes were achieved and evidence collected as the project goes along and in comparison the MWRC evaluation ultimately followed similar guidelines . Also in comparison with the LEAP model Health risk assessment was done prior to the onset of the project to identify potential risks and hazards. Some of the disadvantages of this method of evaluation is in the area of cost effectiveness which only incorporates QALYs as the health related outcome measure (Powell, 2007) and this as suggested by Powell(2007) could affect the sustainability of the project. With this method of evaluation the outcomes measured are individualistic and could be influenced by bias and memory and the individuals cannot show the impact of the project on the community especially in a short timescale(Hashagen and Paxton,2007) They major limitations or challenges encountered in the project are; lack of Funding or funding ending and leading to end of a project, having to deal with immigration issues of most of the clients, languages barrier , and training of all the staff and volunteer but despite these challenges ,achievements were made over t

Cost Management & Cost Control Essay

In broad sense, both the terms have the same meaning. Yet cost management seems to connote broader perspective. Cost control to an un-initiated may mean cutting down the incurrence of cost or expenditure every time or in every situation. In reality it is not always so. In many specific situations, many times, one has to spend or incur cost in order to gain or make more money. It is in fact like an investment. Cost management sounds better then. Profits Making profits or running with surpluses is an essential objective of any organization whether a business organization, non-government non-profit making trust or government. Profit = Revenue (or Price X Units Sold) – Overall Costs (or All Expenses) One can make more profit by: * Increasing the price * Selling more units * Reducing costs In globally competitive environment, increasing the price is not always feasible, Therefore, one has to resort to increasing the sales volumes or decreasing the costs. Overall Cost Reduction: Better Strategy If you do some quick calculations, you may find that: * Increasing the sales volumes by say, 5% will increase the profit by only by that much percentage i.e. 5% increase in profit. * On the other hand reducing the overall cost by 5% may increase the profit in the range from 20% to 45%. Cost Build-up There are two ways of looking at as to how products or services start costing. Conventional Way Cost = Direct Labor Cost + Direct Material Cost + Overhead Cost Activity Based Costing (ABC) Way * Various activities are performed. * Activities attract resources like man, machine, material, money, time and information. * These resources mean money or cost. * Number of activities multiplied by costs attached to the resources consumed by the activities = Overall Cost Cost Reduction Methods Conventional * Reduce direct labor expenses * Reduce direct material expenses * Reduce overhead expenses Non-conventional * Reduce or eliminate (non-value adding) activities * Reduce the consumption of the resources by these activities and even by value adding activities. Cost Management/Control by Controlling Non-Value Adding Activities * Product or services go through processes. * Processes consist of activities. * Activities are: value adding and non-value adding. * Therefore, reduce and finally, eliminate non-value adding activities. * One may think of spending money on value-adding activities if the returns because of putting that extra money (investment) exceed the invested amount. Cost Management/Control by Controlling Seven Notorious Wastes 1. Waste of overproduction 2. Waste of waiting 3. Waste of transportation 4. Waste of processing itself 5. Waste of stocks 6. Waste of motion 7. Waste of making defective products/services

Reflective Paper #2

Sammi Hintze Dr. Hawthorne October 20, 2012 Core 1 Reflective Paper #2 â€Å"I don't know when they first had feeds. Like maybe, fifty or a hundred years ago. Before that, they had to use their hands and their eyes. Computers were all outside the body. They carried them around outside of them, in their hands, like if you carried your lungs in a briefcase and opened it to breathe† (47). Its crazy to think that to the characters in Feed think our life is so complex, when really we have more technology than we need. People survived life without cellphones, computers, and even electricity, and now our world is becoming ultra-dependent on these things.After reading the book Feed, various arguments can be made about whether today’s society will turn into the world Feed predicts, and be technology dependent. Is our world going to turn into the society that is depicted in Feed? Life is being controlled by technology, and hardly anybody can go a day without technology, and wanti ng to be a part of it with new technology products coming out like Project Glass. It is hard to not believe that our world is going to turn completely technology dependent, like the one in Feed.In the past, you had to send a letter in the mail you travel to see them to communicate with someone; if you wanted to talk to someone, you would have to put the effort into it and take the time to write them and wait for a response back. Then with technology advancing, the telephone was made and you could call someone to talk to them instead of writing a letter and waiting for the person to respond. Technology kept advancing, and now in today’s society, we hardly talk on the phone; we text instead, which is quick, easy, and effortless. This is what technology has done to human beings as a whole.It has brought wonderful advancements, yet at the same time, technology has been a curse and changed the way we view each other. No one really communicates with each other now; only through tex ting do we talk. This is lowering our communication skills with people and making us more and more dependent on technology, and most people do not realize that. It’s scary to wonder what is going to happen in the future. In Feed, the characters will be sitting right next to each other, and instead of talking to each other, they will talk to each other through the chat that goes through their Feed.This is deteriorating people’s communication and personal skills. I am scared that this is what our society is slowly becoming; we already have some of the characteristics and portray some of actions that the characters do in the book. Our society is so dependent on technology that most people don’t even use libraries anymore. When people need to do research for their papers, the first line of thought is to search Google. If we don’t find what we want on Google, we try another online search engine. Our last resort is to look at a library for a book or use an ency clopedia.Having the Internet in the palm of our hands is causing more and more people to become lazy and not as smart and advanced as they could become. Now even to read books we are using technology. In today’s society, more people are reading books online rather than going to the library to rent them or even purchasing them. Is the future ahead of us going to be all-online? This is a scary thought that runs through my head all the time. I don’t want to be dependent on all technology. That is only going to hurt us, and we will never learn new things.Technology has given us a great number of benefits, but there is a cost. By giving technology the opportunity to run the show, we've lost sight of how to perform these tasks on our own. When a computer system goes down, society is halted until that system is up and running again. Technology is here to stay, but it will only control us as much as we allow it. Currently, it seems we are content to allow it to run the show, a nd as a result, we've become very much dependent on technology to the point where, yes, we are controlled.We do have the power to live upon our own free manual and gadget-free will, but we choose not to. Google has come out with a new product called Project Glass. This directly correlates to what the Feed is. Project Glass is a research and development program developed in the form of glasses that show a display in front of you. Project Glass displays information in a smartphone-like format. Project Glass is also like the hands-free life and could interact with the Internet with natural language, voice commands. Since technology has advanced so much, these Glasses would be like wearing a computer.People are not going to benefit at all from these glasses; it is only going to make people more dependent on technology and less dependent on their brains and learning. To summarize, when all is said and done, technology rules the roost in today’s society. Technology has brought us w onderful innovations and helped us enormously, but as each year passes into another, more and more we, as human beings, rely on technology. Society today is controlled by technology to such an extent that we would find it virtually impossible to live without it.

The Star System in Hollywood Essay Sample

The Star System in Hollywood Essay Sample The Star System in Hollywood Essay Example The Star System in Hollywood Essay Example Hollywood is well-known for both massive and successful production of different motion pictures. It always seemed to be a place where dreams come true for millions of young boys and girls who went there in pursuit of their happiness and glory. Many of those who arrived to film production companies were really talented, but only some particular people, usually very good-looking or with something special in their appearance, became stars. In the 1930s-1940s of the 20th century, the tendency became more popular. In the scope of the Hollywood studio system, which included five major film production companies, the â€Å"star system† started to increase and dominate in almost all movies. The viewers had a possibility to enjoy films with the actors they know very well from other pictures. Therefore, the star system was the primary orientation in the process of classical Hollywood moviemaking, which, without doubt, affected the movies produced at that time and the American society tha t was a consumer of the films. However, despite the popularity and wide use, the system declined with the time flow. The Star System in Hollywood in the 20th Century The star system is usually regarded as a method used for creation and the subsequent exploitation and promotion of film stars. Mark Tooms claims that the star system was once among â€Å"the key components of the Hollywood studio system† (as well as for many companies these days) (Tooms). As soon as producers or other people from the crew liked anyone, they tried to do their best to change this person according to the desires of the general public, i.e. make them special, attractive, stunning and unforgettable. Since the right person was discovered and checked for the perception of the audience, they became actively involved in the filmmaking industry. Ndalianis and Henry claim that the star system means much to Hollywood film production as it was, and is, the major device that brings success to the film production companies in Hollywood (xi). The authors state that the actors as major stars are now replaced by directors such as Steven Spielberg, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin S corsese, George Lucas, and others. Moreover, they claim that the main privilege directors have is that they do not have to quit filmmaking as they get older, less attractive and when new producers appear on stage. The only things they need are to have enough stamina to embody their talent and remain original so that no one could do what they do in such a good manner. Many critics talk about the star system as a notion that is still operating in the United States. As Hollywood produces stars as it did 50 or 60 years ago, it can be assumed that the star system declined but did not disappear completely. McDonald claims that adherence to the star system dogmas is the use of some particular mechanisms for constructing and promoting new works and making them consumed by the audience (1). Though stardom is directed to the massive commercialization and making money, McDonald states that â€Å"the star system deals in individualism† (1) since every celebrity is differentiated without being perceived as part of a large group of famous people. They are not regarded as people with certain characteristics but as the separately taken individuals. The perception by the audience and the representation of celebrities in films make the main difference between the present-day star system and that at the beginning of the 20th century. It is possible to assume that present-day filmmaking is not absolutely centered on actors; the stardom did not disappear as it is represented by the estimation of producers’ work. Many people think that the films produced by Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Walt Disney, or Martin Scorsese cannot be boring, conventional and unsuccessful. Therefore, one may conclude that after the peak of the star system in Hollywood and the following decline, the stars still exist. The major thing is that the focus is different. There is not much orientation on the image created by the famous actor or actress in the modern Hollywood but on the celebrity as an individual. Thus, the star system is used in a different manner and with a different purpose. There are different ideas of what the star system is. The most accurate and close to the reality definition is provided by Ndalianis and Henry that said that the star system is â€Å"a system that has always relied on expanding fascination with its products by developing public interest in individuals who majestically encapsulate the media form they represent† (x). Hayward states that the star system is usually regarded as something that occurred in Hollywood (349). The reality is that at the time the orientation on stardom appeared in the United States, it was already actively used in France (usually in comedy series and ‘film d’art productions’) since 1908 (Hayward 349). When filmmakers understood that some actors were perceived better by the audience, they started employing people that were liked by the moviegoers more often. Richard de Cordova claims that the American star system appeared in the early years of the 20th century and insists that â€Å"th e star system has been central to the functioning of the American cinema as a social institution† (as quoted in Schmid 107). Powdermaker claims that despite the fact that the star system played some role in filmmaking, it was not created by the companies (228). At the beginning of the 20th century, there were no names of actors provided before or after the film since the producers did not think them needed. The moviegoers started writing letters to learn who their beloved actors are. At first, produces refused to provide such information because they assumed that the actors will understand that they are popular and will demand higher payment. Nevertheless, they changed their mind, starting exploiting actors’ fame no matter what the actors would have requested as more people tended to watch movies with the actors they adored. That was a small beginning of the system that very soon enabled manipulation by the society (Powdermaker 228). Hayward admits that by 1919 there had been the establishment of the star system (349). The first star in the United States became Florence Lawrence who played the Biograph girl in 1910, though in reality, she was not the first. Mary Pickford (more known as â€Å"little Mary†) is claimed to be named a star earlier than Lawrence. Charlie Chaplin was the next person in the row. The author of the book insists that the film production companies received much profit when they started shooting stars (Hayward 349) and called this type of business â€Å"by no means a one-way exchange† since the stars earned money till the company got the profit. Obviously, there had been a prototype of the typical Hollywood star that was generally liked by the audience. The stars now and then have some distinct features that are not very important. Since the focus of the film production companies is not the same, the celebrities are formed in a bit different way and are more independent than in the period of the Hollywood studio system (the star system was a method of getting profit by the studio system). Overall, it is possible to assume that the star at the beginning of the 20th century had some particular features. Thus, both male and female actors were usually good-looking. Women were represented as ladies and men were depicted as gentlemen. The star system in filmmaking did not exist on its own. As the films were produced by certain companies, they applied the method to their practice and had some benefit from it. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were a considerably smaller number of film production companies than today. At that time, the American cinematography was directed by five major studios (companies). Some of them, according to Dirks, originated as the rebels against the MPPA (Motion Picture Patents Company). Moreover, they struggled among themselves to gain recognition, attract the bigger audience and, therefore, make more money. These five studios that together comprised the Hollywood studio system were 20th Century Fox (appeared in 1935), MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Paramount, Warner Brothers, and RKO Radio (Dirks). Three more studios that completed the list of all film production companies were Columbia Pictures, Universal Pictures, and United Artists (Dirks). Together they produced films that made that time period memorable as a Golden Age of cinematography. The first studio that appeared earlier, had already gained some recognition and, therefore, had more chances to survive the competition, was Paramount Pictures. It was founded by Adolph Zukor in 1912 (â€Å"History†). The article about the history of the company provided at the official website of Paramount states that the company is â€Å"the longest operating and only major studio remaining in Hollywood† (â€Å"History†). Since the company was founded at the beginning of the 20th century, it had to overcome all stages of the development, come through all the challenges that the filmmaking industry had on its way and survive despite all failures. When the star system was in vogue and became regarded as an essential part of the success in filmmaking business, Paramount Company started following the same scheme with the actors loved by people as well. Though the star system came to its decline or, rather, transformed, the studio did not stop using the images of the stars as a means to draw attention of the audience. During the whole course of its functioning, the company cooperated with many film celebrities such as Marlene Dietrich, Gary Cooper, Cecil B. DeMille, Alfred Hitchcock, Rudolf Valentino, D.W. Griffith, the Marx Brothers, Bob Hope, Elvis Presley, Audrey Hepburn and others (â€Å"History†). There is evidence that the Paramount Pictures managed to overcome the crisis that appeared after the star system decline as it was using the changed stardom strategy. In more recent years, the company cooperated with such stars as Harrison Ford, Tom Cruise, Steven Spielberg, Angelina Jolie, Meryl Streep, and others. The film makers and celebrities that are now working together at Paramount are reported to put their experience, strength, talent, passion and desire to produce the films that are admired by millions of people and can be easily called artistic works. In the early 20th century, the stars played a crucial role not only in the filmmaking process but also in the formation of the celebrity system, which, in its turn, influenced public opinion, in general (Tooms). The society was much affected by the people they saw on the screens. Many of them became role models and the embodiment of courage, sexuality, beauty, smartness, originality and passion and were admired not only by the representatives of the opposite sex but also by those of their own gender as they served as an example to them. Such stars were Clark Gable, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo and others. The stardom had a bit negative effect on the film production as the studios became more profit-oriented. Therefore, there was a big rivalry between major film production companies, which led to more quantitative and artificial production of movies and deliberate exploitations of the stars. As film production became more successful, the orientation on the images suggested by the movies was very strong. The actors were the examples of gentleman behavior patterns, courage and strength, while actresses were teaching female part of the audience how to look good and be sexual, stylish, passionate, simple, mysterious, glamorous, unforgettable and successful. Women who watched movies at that time tried to follow in the heroines’ footsteps and copied their hairstyles, clothing, conduct and even manner of speech. The society became â€Å"television-oriented† as they learned from it. People watched movies produced by well-known film production companies and performed by famous actors. The Hollywood studio system did not need those actors that once were stars but due to their age, lost beauty or substitution by some people that were considered more interesting for the viewers were not that popular as before. These actors were often neglected and forgotten. The actress considered to be the first Hollywood star (Florence Lawrence) died at the age of 52, committing suicide since she could not bear the burden of live in the shadows, being absolutely forgotten and not having chance to earn her living by means of what she did before (â€Å"100 years of movie stars: 1910-1929†). It is also reported that 28 years earlier, the producer Carl Laemmle died. The triggering cause of his death was being one renowned and forgotten later. These two cases, along with many others, show the wrong direction in which filmmaking was going to manipulate the audience and make money. It is stated that the incidents like these and the orientation on marketing matters with stardom expl oitation had â€Å"a lasting effect on Western culture† (â€Å"100 years of movie stars: 1910-1929†). At that time, actor’s career did not last for long. Marlene Dietrich, an actress who was world-famous for her stunning beauty and â€Å"unspeakable† sexuality, did not lose her talent but just became older and was substituted by those actresses that showed potential to be loved by the audience. Gledhill states that her exotic accent and foreign elusive manner was substituted by an image of a hometown girl, namely the heroine represented by Doris Day or Judy Holliday (286). The situation described is one more proof that Hollywood filmmaking was not a form of art but the marketing element created to make money by entertaining the audience. It is probably one of the reasons (but not major one) that served for the following decline of the whole star system and image orientation. It is inevitable that the star system came to a decline one day. The reasons were exploitation of the stars, abandoning them when they did not bring anything new to the images developed for them, and artificial creation of the celebrity’s artistic face without the slightest regard to their individual peculiarities could not last for long. Hayward reports that there is an official date when the star system was over (350). The author claims that the star system stopped to be used by the 1950s as the Hollywood studio system collapsed (Hayward 350). It is also stated that there was still a rivalry between Hollywood and Europe in the sphere of filmmaking business. For instance, Europe presented the world such â€Å"sex-goddess†, as Hayward names (350) them, as Shirley Ann Field, Brigitte Bardot, and Sophia Loren, whereas Hollywood tried to keep up with such divas in their films as Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, and Ava Gardner (Hayward 350). Hayward admits that the collaps e of the Hollywood studio system did not mean the end of the star system. The stars were being produced at that time as well but in the smaller amount. With the flow of time, the celebrities and the images they represented changed to more nasty, determined and malevolent (Hayward 350). The star system is a method of exploitation and promotion of film stars developed to increase the interest of the audience to the film. The technique was actively used at the beginning of the 20th century (originated in 1919). The typical image of a woman comprised the features of a lady. The attributes of the man’s image were gentleman’s characteristics. The major company that occurred at the same time as the star system was Paramount Pictures. Founded in 1912, it managed to overcome all obstacles on its way and saved the leading position till today. The company used the star system as well, cooperating with many celebrities. By the 1950s the system started to decline as the artificial creation of images that are already familiar to the audience and exploitation of the stars was not as efficient as at the very beginning. Finally, the star system changed. The images became different and the individual features of the stars started to be more valued. Nevertheless, the st ar system contributed to the development of film industry and created the masterpieces that are still valued by moviegoers all over the world.